There is a current SOI.
•
Includes the following in the leader packet:
в– A unit tactical standing operating procedure (TACSOP).
в– Map markers.
в– Overlay sheets.
в– A notebook and a pen or a pencil.
в– A route reconnaissance GTA card.
в– A bridge classification GTA card.
в– A call for-fire GTA card.
в– A rigging GTA card.
в– An NBC GTA card.
в– An EPW GTA card (GTA 19-7-1).
в– Flex cuffs for EPWs.
в– A DD Form 1408.
в– A DA Form 4137.
в– A DA Form 3975.
в– A DD Form 2708.
в– A DA Form 3881.
в– A DA Form 2823.
в– A compass and a wrist watch.
в– Batteries for all the equipment.
в– Binoculars.
в– NVGs.
в– A sensitive item serial number list (radio, weapons, NVGs,
and so forth).
2
Vehicles.
•
Tie down all the items according to the load plan, and ensure
that—
в– There is space left for ammunition.
в– The TA-50 is loaded.
в– The MOPP chemical protective overgarment (CPOG) is
stored for ready access.
в– The gas tank is topped off.
в– There are POL package products and weapon oil.
в– Water cans are full.
Figure E-2. Extensive PCI Checklist (Continued)
Precombat Inspections E-5
FM 3-19.4
Steps
Actions
в– Spare fuel cans are full and tied down.
в– MRE rations are inventoried and stored.
в– There are weapon-cleaning kits.
в– The OVM is stored and serviceable.
в– There are chock blocks.
в– That a complete first aid kit is available.
в– A TM for the equipment (-10) on hand.
в– A vehicle dispatch packet and a DA Form 2404 are
available.
в– There are tools and tool kits.
в– There are tire chains.
в– The spare tire is properly stowed.
•
Perform a premovement inspection and ensure that—
в– There is a current TM (-10) on hand.
в– There are no fuel leaks.
в– The fire extinguisher is sealed, tagged, and dated.
в– The engine coolant level is correct.
в– The oil level is correct.
в– The transmission fluid level is correct.
в– The battery level is correct and the cables are tight.
в– The air filter is clean and secure.
в– The lights are operational.
в– There are no exhaust leaks.
в– The fuel filter is drained.
в– Warning triangles are on hand.
в– The canvas is attached and tied down.
в– The gauges are functional.
в– The tire pressure is correct.
в– The vehicle service is current.
в– The interior of the vehicle is clean and orderly.
3
Crew-served weapons. Ensure that—
•
All mounting equipment is present.
•
The TM for the weapon (-10) is available.
•
There is a spare barrel and BII (such as gloves, a T&E
mechanism, a wrench, a blank adapter, a tripod mount with
an adapter, and a cleaning kit).
•
The NVDs are operational.
•
The tripod is clean and serviceable.
•
The weapons are mounted with pins.
Figure E-2. Extensive PCI Checklist (Continued)
E-6 Precombat Inspections
FM 3-19.4
Steps
Actions
4
Communications equipment. Ensure that—
•
Radios (vehicles or manpacks)—
в– Are operational.
в– Are secure.
в– Have the proper frequency setting.
в– Have a matching unit operational/set.
в– Have an antenna with the tip protector tied down.
в– Have connectors that are clean and serviceable.
в– Have batteries available.
в– Have the TM for the equipment (-10) is on hand.
в– Have cleaning materials available (such as cotton swabs,
alcohol, steel wool, and so forth).
•
The field telephone (TA 312) is operational.
•
The digital nonsecure voice terminal (DNVT) with wire is
operational (communication).
•
The appropriate phone listing is available.
•
Radio antennas (OE 254s) are complete.
•
Communication test sets, including tools, are on hand.
•
Frequencies, call signs, challenges, and passwords are
disseminated.
•
Each team has one SINCGARS manpack for quick-dismount
operations.
5
NBC equipment.
•
Ensure that protective clothing is complete and serviceable.
•
Ensure that the M40 is complete, such as—
в– M13 deconnaissance kit.
в– M258A1 deconnaissance kit.
в– M256 detector kit.
в– M8 detector paper.
в– M9 detector paper.
в– Antifogging kit.
в– Hood.
в– Optical inserts, if needed.
в– Waterproof bag.
Figure E-2. Extensive PCI Checklist (Continued)
Precombat Inspections E-7
FM 3-19.4
Steps
Actions
•
Ensure that the mask and hood are serviceable.
•
Implement the proper MOPP level.
•
Brief the threat condition.
•
Ensure that nerve agent antidotes are available.
•
Issue and mount M11 deconnaissance apparatus, to include
the following:
в– Two DS2 cans per vehicle.
в– An M8 alarm.
в– An M229 refill kit for each M8.
•
Ensure that NBC defense equipment is available, such as—
в– An M256 agent detector kit.
в– An M 174 RADIAC meter.
в– Two sets of batteries for the IM 174.
в– An IM 93/147 RADIAC meter (dosimeter).
в– A PP 157A RADIAC charger 1/IM 93/147.
в– NBC contamination signs (marking kits).
Figure E-2. Extensive PCI Checklist (Continued)
E-8 Precombat Inspections
Appendix F
Fratricide Avoidance
Fratricide is defined as the unforeseen or
unintentional death, injury, or damage to
f r i e n d l y p e r s o n n e l o r e q u i p m e n t . I t i s
committed during the employment of friendly
weapons and munitions with the intent to kill
t h e e n e m y o r d e s t r o y h i s e q u i p m e n t o r
f a c i l i t i e s . F r a t r i c i d e p r e v e n t i o n i s t h e
commander’s responsibility, and all leaders
assist him across all operating systems to
accomplish this mission.
FRATRICIDE
F-1. Friendly forces operating in the sustainment area
are particularly vulnerable to fratricide due to the high
concentration of soldiers. Most MP missions are
conducted in the sustainment area in support of these
friendly forces. During MP operations, it is critical that
MP know where other friendly elements are operating.
With this knowl edge, they anti cipa te da nger ous
conditions and take steps to either avoid or mitigate
them. The platoon leader is always aware of changes
and developments in the situation that may place
friendly forces in danger from MP long-range weapon
systems.
F-2. It is important that other friendly forces operating
in the AO know the location of MP to prevent them from
becoming victims of fratricide. MP leaders constantly
report the location of their forces to higher HQ. Higher
HQ disseminates this information to other friendly
forces. When the platoon leader perceives potential for
fratricide, he quickly responds to prevent it.
Fratricide Avoidance F-1
FM 3-19.4
FRATRICIDE EFFECTS
F-3. Fratricide results in unacceptable losses and
increases the risk of mission failure; it usually affects
the unit’s ability to survive and function. Units
e x p e r i e n c i n g f r a t r i c i d e s u f f e r t h e f o l l o w i n g
consequences:
•
Loss of confidence in the unit’s leadership.
•
Increased self-doubt among the leaders.
•
Hesitancy to employ deadly force.
•
Oversupervision of units.
•
Hesitancy to conduct night operations.
•
Loss of aggressiveness.
•
Loss of initiative.
•
Disrupted operations.
•
General
degradation
of
unit
cohesiveness,
morale, and combat power.
FRATRICIDE CAUSES
F-4. The following paragraphs discuss the primary
causes of fratricide. MP leaders must identify any of the
factors that may affect their soldiers and strive to
eliminate or correct them.
TARGET IDENTIFICATION
F-5. The primary cause of fratricide is the lack of
positive target identification. MP must positively
identify targets before engaging.
LAND NAVIGATION FAILURES
F-6. MP may stray into unknown locations, report
wrong locations, and become disoriented. In this
situation, they may unexpectedly encounter an errant
unit, that may fire their weapons at the friendly force.
F-2 Fratricide Avoidance
FM 3-19.4
REPORTING AND COMMUNICATIONS FAILURES
F-7. Units at all levels may fail to generate timely,
accurate, and complete reports as locations and tactical
situations change. This distorts the tactical picture
available at each level and can lead to erroneous
clearance of supporting fire.
WEAPON ERRORS
F-8. Lapses in individual discipline can result in
fratricide. These incidents include charge errors,
accidental discharges, mistakes with explosives and
hand grenades, and incorrect gun data use.
OPERATION HAZARDS
F-9. A variety of explosive devices and materiel may
c r e a t e d a n g e r o n t h e b a t t l e f i e l d , s u c h a s U X O ,
u n m a r k e d o r u n r e c o r d e d m i n e f i e l d s ( i n c l u d i n g
scatterable mines), and booby traps. Failure to mark,
record, remove, or otherwise anticipate these threats
will lead to casualties.
FRATRICIDE RISK ASSESSMENT
F-10. Table F-1, page F-4, shows an example of a work
sheet for evaluating fratricide risk in the context of
mission requirements. The work sheet lists six mission
accomplishment factors that affect the fratricide risk,
along with related considerations for each factor.
Platoon leaders assess the potential risk in each area
(low, medium, or high), and assign a point value to each
(one point for low risk, two for medium risk, three for
high risk), and add the point values to calculate the
overall fratricide assessment score.
F-11. They use the resulting score only as a guide. The
platoon leader’s final assessment is based on observable
risk factors, such as those listed on the work sheet, and
on his feel for the intangible factors affecting the
Fratricide Avoidance F-3
FM 3-19.4
operation. Note that descriptive terms are listed only in
the low- and high-risk columns of the work sheet. The
assessment of each factor determines whether the risk
matches one of these extremes or lies somewhere
between them as a medium risk.
Table F-1. Fratricide Risk Assessment Work Sheet
Potential Risk Categories
Factors Affecting
(With Variable Conditions and Point Values)
Fratricide
Low Risk
Medium Risk
High Risk
(1 point)
(2 points)
(3 points)
Understanding of the Plan
Commander’s intent
Clear
Vague
Complexity
Simple
Complex
Enemy situation
Known
Unknown
Friendly situation
Clear
Unclear
ROE/ROI
Clear
Unclear
Environmental Factors
Intervisibility
Favorable
Unfavorable
Obscuration
Clear
Obscured
Battle tempo
Slow
Fast
Positive target ID
100 percent
None
Control Measures
Command
Organic
Joint/
relationships
combined
Audio
Loud/clear
Jammed
communications
Visual
Easily seen
Obscured
communications
Graphics
Standard
Not
understood
SOP
Standard
Not used
Liaison personnel
Proficient
Not trained
Location/navigation
Sure
Unsure
F-4 Fratricide Avoidance
FM 3-19.4
Table F-1. Fratricide Risk Assessment Work Sheet (Continued)
Potential Risk Categories
Factors Affecting
(With Variable Conditions and Point Values)
Fratricide
Low Risk
Medium Risk
High Risk
(1 point)
(2 points)
(3 points)
Equipment (Compared to US Equipment)
Friendly
Similar
Different
Enemy
Different
Similar
Training
Individual proficiency
MOS qualified
Untrained
Unit proficiency
Trained
Untrained
Rehearsals
Realistic
None
Habitual relationship
Yes
No
Endurance
Alert
Fatigued
Planning Time (Based on the 1/3–2/3 Rule)
Higher HQ
Adequate
Inadequate
Own unit
Adequate
Inadequate
Subordinate
Adequate
Inadequate
elements
Overall risk
26-46 points
42-62 points
58-78 points
assessment
(by total point value)
NOTE: Point values alone may not accurately reflect fratricide risk. The
commander tailors the assessment to the unit’s requirements. Refer to
FM 100-14.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
F-12. These measures provide the platoon leader with a
guide to actions he can take to reduce and prevent
fratricide risk. These guidelines are not directive in
nature, nor are they intended to restrict initiative. All
MP leaders must learn to apply them as appropriate
based on the specific situation and METT-TC factors.
Fratricide Avoidance F-5
FM 3-19.4
Platoon leaders must educate their soldiers on the
foll owin g r eduction and pr evention of fratr ic ide
principles:
•
Identifying and assessing the potential fratricide
risks in the estimate of the situation. Express
t h e r i s k s i n t h e O P O R D a n d a p p l i c a b l e
FRAGOs.
•
Maintaining situational awareness. Focusing on
such areas as current intelligence, unit locations
and/or dispositions, denial areas (minefields and
scatterable mines; contaminated areas, such as
improved conventional munitions [ICM] and
NBC), SITREPs, and METT-TC factors.
•
Ensuring positive target identification. Review
vehicle and weapons ID cards. Become familiar
with the characteristics of potential friendly and
enemy vehicles, including their silhouettes and
thermal signatures.
•
Establishing
a
command
climate
that
emphasizes fratricide prevention. Enforce
fratricide prevention measures, placing special
emphasis on the use of doctrinally sound TTP.
Ensure supervision in the execution of orders
and in the performance of all tasks and missions
to standard.
F-13. Additional considerations for fratricide reduction
and prevention include the following:
•
Reporting MP patrol locations accurately. The
TOC and CP track the patrols’ locations in
relationship to friendly forces.
•
Recognizing the signs of battlefield stress.
Maintain unit cohesion by taking quick, effective
actions to alleviate the battlefield stress.
•
Conducting individual, leader, and collective
(unit) training covering fratricide awareness.
•
Giving complete and concise mission orders.
F-6 Fratricide Avoidance
FM 3-19.4
•
Simplifying mission orders by using SOPs that
are consistent with the doctrine. Periodically
review and update SOPs as needed.
•
Striving to provide maximum planning time for
leaders and subordinates.
•
Planning and establishing effective communica-
tions.
•
Ensuring that ROE are clear and understood.
•
Conducting
rehearsals
when
the
situation
allows.
•
Being in the right place at the right time. If an
MP patrol becomes lost or misoriented, leaders
m u s t k n o w h o w t o c o n t a c t h i g h e r H Q
immediately for instructions and assistance.
•
Including a discussion of fratricide incidents in
all AARs.
FRIENDLY FIRE INCIDENTS
F-14. MP patrol's could become involved in a friendly
fire incident in one of several ways: as the victim of the
fire, as the firing element, or as an observer observing
an attack of one friendly element on another. If a patrol
encounters such a situation, it should follow the
procedures for the various situations listed below:
FALL VICTIM TO FRIENDLY FIRES
F-15. When falling victim to friendly fire, react to
contact until recognizing friendly fire, then—
•
Cease fire.
•
Take immediate actions to protect soldiers and
vehicles.
•
Use a visual recognition signal directing the
firing unit to cease fire.
•
Report the following on the next higher unit net:
Fratricide Avoidance F-7
FM 3-19.4
в–
Announce
that
friendly
fire
has
been
received.
в–
Request medical assistance as needed.
в–
Give the location and direction of the firing
vehicles.
в–
Warn the higher unit not to return fire if the
firing unit has been identified as friendly.
ENGAGE FRIENDLY FORCES
F-16. When engaging friendly forces, cease fire and
report the following on the next higher unit net:
•
The ID of the engaged friendly force (if the unit
is unidentified, report the number and type of
vehicles).
•
The location of the incident.
•
The direction and distance to the engaged force.
•
The type of fire.
•
The target effects.
OBSERVE A FRIENDLY FIRE INCIDENT
F-17. When observing a friendly fire incident, seek cover
for protection, then—
•
Use a visual recognition signal directing the
firing unit to cease fire.
•
Report the following on the next higher unit net:
в–
The ID of the engaged friendly force (if the
unit is unidentified, then report the number
and the type of vehicles).
в–
The location of the incident.
в–
The direction and distance to the victim and
the firing unit.
в–
The type of fire.
в–
The target effects.
F-8 Fratricide Avoidance
FM 3-19.4
•
Provide assistance as needed (when safe to do
so).
LEADER RESPONSIBILITIES
F-18. In all situations involving the risk of fratricide
and friendly fire, leaders must be prepared to take
immediate actions to prevent casualties and equipment
da ma ge or destruction. Recommended actions in
fratricide situations include—
•
Identifying the incident and ordering the parties
involved to cease fire.
•
Conducting an in-stride risk assessment.
•
Identifying and implementing the controls to
prevent the incident from recurring.
Fratricide Avoidance F-9
Appendix G
MK19 Qualification Tables
The tables in this appendix are designed to
enable the MK19 gunner and assistant gunner
to qualify with the weapon.
NOTE: These tables are not for ASV qualification.
The ASV tables are under development.
PRIMARY GUNNER, MK19 QUALIFICATION AND
ZERO/PRACTICE TABLES
G-1. Table G-1, page G-2, is a zero/practice table for the
MK19 primary gunner.
MK19 Qualification Tables G-1
G
FM
-2
3
M
-
K1
19.
9
4
Qual
Table G-1. Primary Gunner Zero/Practice Table
ifica
Task
Condition
Standard
Ammunition
Time
tion
Mount the MK19 on a
Given a mounted MK19, an M3
The gun crew must be
0
2
Tab
vehicle or a M3 tripod
tripod, an M64 gun mount, a T&E
able to mount the MK19
minutes
mechanism, an organic carrier,
on a vehicle or a tripod.
les
and a selected firing position
Zero the MK19 using
Given a mounted MK19, a 400-
The gunner must impact
4
No time
a 400-meter vehicle
meter vehicle target, a selected
on the target with at
limit
target
firing position, and 4
least one of the 4
40-millimeter training practice
40-millimeter TP rounds.
(TP) rounds
Engage a stationary
Given a mounted MK19, a
The gunner must impact
4
No time
vehicle target at 1,100
vehicle target at 1,100 meters, a
on the vehicle target
limit
meters
selected firing position, and 4
with at least 1 of the 4
40-millimeter TP rounds
rounds.
Engage a stationary
Given a mounted MK19, a
The gunner must impact
4
No time
vehicle target at 1,500
vehicle target at 1,500 meters, a
on the vehicle target
limit
meters
selected firing position, and 4
with at least 1 of the 4
40-millimeter TP rounds
rounds.
Table G-1. Primary Gunner Zero/Practice Table (Continued)
Task
Condition
Standard
Ammunition
Time
Engage a stationary
Given a mounted
The gunner must
4
No time limit
vehicle target at 600
MK19, a vehicle
impact on the vehicle
meters
target at 600
target with at least 1 of
meters, a selected
the 4 rounds.
firing position, and 4
M
40-millimeter TP
K
rounds
19
Dismount the MK19
Given a mounted
The gunner must take
0
1 minute
Qua
from the vehicle or
MK19 and a
the MK19 out of
lific
the tripod
selected firing
operation from the
ation
position
carrier or tripod.
Tab
FM
les
3-1
G
9
-
.
3
4
G
(DA
PRIMA
FM
-4
3
M
Y
-
K1
19.
Table G-2. Primary Gunner (Day), Dismounted
),
9
DIS
R
4
Q
Y
ual
Task
Condition
Standard
Ammunition
Time
MET
d
pri
G-2.
M
G
e
ifica
ci
OUN
UN
Mount the MK19
Given a mounted MK19, an
The gun crew must
0
120
m
de
on an M3 tripod
M3 tripod, an M64 gun
be able to mount the
seconds
T
a
Ta
NER,
tion
-
r
T
t
or a vehicle
mount, a T&E mechanism,
MK19 on a vehicle or
y
o
C.
bl
TED
fi
g
Tab
an organic carrier, and a
a tripod.
e
un
re
G
selected firing position
IND
les
ner
-
usi
2
Engage a
Given a mounted MK19, a
The gunner must
6
90
is
I
stationary
selected firing position, 6
impact on the vehicle
seconds
ng
,
VIDU
d
th
vehicle target at
40-millimeter TP rounds,
target with at least 2
i
t
sm
e
hi
800 meters
and a vehicle target at 800
of the 6 rounds.
MK19
s
AL
oun
meters
ta
Engage a
Given a mounted MK19, a
The gunner must
4
90
b
M
t
l
ed.
e
q
K
stationary
selected firing position, 4
impact on the vehicle
seconds
u
(mount
1
a
vehicle target at
40-millimeter TP rounds,
target with at least 1
9
T
li
he
fic
Q
600 meters
and a vehicle target at 600
of the 4 rounds.
U
meters
a
co
ALIFICAT
ed)
tion
Engage a
Given a mounted MK19, a
The gunner must
6
120
mm
stationary
vehicle target at 1,100
impact on the vehicle
seconds
b
tabl
a
a
vehicle target at
meters, a selected firing
target with at least 2
s
n
ed
1,100 meters
position, and 6 40-millimeter
of the 6 rounds.
der
e
on
f
TP rounds
or
ION
m
the
the
ay
PRIM
ARY
i
G-3
nd
G
iv
U
.
id
N
Tab
u
N
al
Table G-2. Primary Gunner (Day), Dismounted (Continued)
E
le
MK
R,
G-3
MK19
Task
Condition
Standard
Ammunition
Time
19
Engage a
Given a mounted
The gunner must
8
180
,
qua
page
stationary
MK19 vehicle target
impact on the
seconds
QU
lif
vehicle target at
at 1,500 meters, a
vehicle target with at
icat
1,500 meters
selected firing
least 2 of the 8
G-6
ALIFICATIO
position, and 8
rounds.
io
,
40-millimeter TP
n
i
rounds
M
t
s
ab
K
t
le,
h
Dismount the
Given a mounted
The gunner must
0
60
19
e
MK19 from the
MK19 and a selected
take the MK19 out
seconds
Q
m
p
vehicle or the
firing position
of operation from
ua
ount
ri
N,
lific
m
tripod
the carrier or tripod.
M
a
ed
ry
OUN
ation
.
gunner’s
Tab
TED
FM
les
3-1
G
9
-
.
5
4
G
FM
-6
3
M
-
K1
19.
9
4
Table G-3. Primary Gunner, Mounted
Qual
ifica
Task
Condition
Standard
Ammunition
Time
tion
Mount the MK19
Given a mounted MK19,
The gun crew must be
0
120 seconds
on a vehicle or a
an organic carrier, an
able to mount the
Tab
M3 tripod
M3 tripod, an M64 gun
MK19 on a vehicle or
mount, a T&E
a tripod.
les
mechanism, and a
selected firing position
Engage a
Given a mounted MK19,
The gunner must
4
90 seconds
stationary vehicle
a selected firing
impact on the vehicle
target at 400
position, 4 40-millimeter
target with at least 2 of
meters
TP rounds, and a
the 4 rounds.
vehicle target at 400
meters
Engage a
Given a mounted MK19,
The gunner must
8
120 seconds
stationary vehicle
a selected firing
impact on the vehicle
target at 1,100
position, 8 40-millimeter
target with at least 2 of
meters
TP rounds and a vehicle
the 8 rounds.
target at 1,100 meters
Table G-3. Primary Gunner, Mounted (Continued)
Task
Condition
Standard
Ammunition
Time
Engage troops at
Given a mounted MK19, a
The gunner must
4
60 seconds
600 meters
selected firing position, 4
impact within 5
40-millimeter TP rounds, and a
meters of the troops
troop target at 600 meters
with at least 1 of the
4 rounds.
Engage a stationary
Given a mounted MK19, a
The gunner must
6
120 seconds
vehicle target at
selected firing position, 6
impact on the
1,500 meters
40-millimeter TP rounds, and a
vehicle target with
vehicle target at 1,500 meters
at least 1 of the 6
rounds.
Engage a stationary
Given a mounted MK19, a
The gunner must
10
180 seconds
M
vehicle target at
selected firing position, 10
impact 2 rounds on
K
1,100 meters and
40-millimeter TP rounds, a
the vehicle target
19
troops in the open
vehicle target at 1,100 meters,
and 2 rounds within
Q
at 600 meters
and a troop target at 600 meters
5 meters of the
ua
lific
troop target.
Dismount the MK19
Given a mounted MK19 and a
The gunner must
0
60 seconds
ation
from a vehicle or a
selected firing position
take the MK19 out
C1
tripod.
of operation from
Tab
the carrier or tripod.
,FM
les
3-1
G
9
-7
.4
G
PRIM
C1
-8
,
M
FM
K1
A
3
9
R
-1
Q
Y
9
ual
.
qu
G-4
4
GUN
ifica
ali
Table G-4. Primary Gunner (Night)
.
fi
NER,
tion
c
Ta
ati
Task
Condition
Standard
Ammunition
Time
bl
Tab
on
Mount the AN/
Given a complete
The gunner must
0
120 seconds
e
M
t
les
able
TVS-5 to the
AN/TVS-5, an
mount the AN/
G
K19
-4
MK19
MK19, an M3, and
TVS-5 on the
f
a T&E mechanism
MK19.
o
Q
is
r
U
or organic carrier
n
ALIF
ig
t
Use a zeroed
Given a complete
The gunner must
6
60 seconds
h
h
e
MK19 with an AN/
AN/TVS-5, a
impact the target
tfirin p IC
TVS-5 mounted
mounted MK19, a
with at least 2 of
ri
A
for observation
selected firing
the 6 rounds.
g
mar
TION
.
and engage a
position, 6
400-meter vehicle
40-millimeter TP
y
target
rounds, and a
g
(NIG
vehicle target at
un
400 meters.
n
H
er’
T)
s
M
K1
9
Table G-4. Primary Gunner (Night) (Continued)
Task
Condition
Standard
Ammunition
Time
Engage a stationary
Given a mounted MK19, a
The gunner must
8
120
vehicle target at 600
selected firing position, 8
impact the vehicle
seconds
meters
40-millimeter TP rounds,
target with at least
and a vehicle target at 600
4 of the 8 rounds.
meters
Engage troops in
Given a mounted MK19, a
The gunner must
8
120
the open at 800
selected firing position, 8
impact within 5
seconds
meters
40-millimeter TP rounds,
meters of the
and troops in the open at
troops with at least
MK
800 meters
4 of the 8 rounds.
19
Dismount the AN/
Given an MK19 and an AN/
The gun crew
0
120
Q
TVS-5 from the
TVS-5
must take the AN/
seconds
ua
lific
MK19
TVS-5 out of
operation.
ation
C1
Tab
,FM
les
3-1
G
9
-9
.4
G
MO
AS
C1
-10
,F
SI
M
UNTED
M
K
ST
3
19
-1
Table G-5. Assistant Gunner, Mounted
9
Q
ANT
.4
ua
G-5
lific
Task
Condition
Standard
Ammunition
Time
. Table
GUNN
atio
Mount the MK19 on
Given a zeroed,
The gun crew must
0
120
a vehicle
mounted, MK19; a T&E
be able to mount the
seconds
n
mechanism; an MK64
MK19 on a vehicle
Ta
G
gun mount; an organic
or a tripod.
bles
-5
ER,
carrier; and a selected
is
firing position
for
M
Engage a stationary
Given a mounted MK19,
The gunner must
4
90 seconds
fam
K
vehicle target at 400
a vehicle target at 400
impact the vehicle
1
meters
meters, a selected firing
target with at least 2
ilia
9
position, and 4
of the 4 rounds.
F
rizat
40-millimeter TP rounds
IRI
Engage troops in
Given a mounted MK19,
The gunner must
4
60 seconds
ion
NG
the open at 600
a troop target at 600
impact within 5
o
meters
meters, a selected firing
meters of the troops
nly
T
position, and 4
with at least 1 of the
.
ABLE,
40-millimeter TP rounds
4 rounds.
Table G-5. Assistant Gunner, Mounted (Continued)
Task
Condition
Standard
Ammunition
Time
Engage a
Given a mounted MK19, a
The gunner must
8
120
stationary
vehicle target at 1,100
impact the vehicle
seconds
vehicle target
meters, a selected firing
target with at least 2
at 1,100
position, and 8 40-millimeter
of the 8 rounds.
meters
TP rounds
Engage a
Given a mounted MK19, a
The gunner must
10
180
stationary
vehicle target at 1,100
impact a minimum of
seconds
vehicle target
meters, troops in the open at
2 rounds on the
at 1,100
600 meters, a selected firing
vehicle target and 2
MK19
meters and
position, and 10 40-millimeter
rounds within 5
troops at 600
TP rounds
meters of the troop
Q
meters
target.
ual
Dismount the
Given a mounted MK19 and
The gunner must
0
NA
ifica
MK19 from a
a selected firing position
take the MK19 out of
tion
vehicle or a
operation from the
tripod
carrier or tripod.
C1
Tabl
,F
e
M
s
3
G
-1
-1
9.
1
4
G
C1
-12
,
AS
F
M
M
S
K
3
I
19
-1
STAN
9
Q
.4
ua
lific
th
c
G-
T
o
e
m
6
GUN
atio
ME
m
Table G-6. Assistant Gunner, Dismounted
.
a
Ta
n
T
n
NER
Ta
d
T
bl
e
bles
Task
Condition
Standard
Ammunition
Time
-TC r e
m
Mount the
Given a mounted MK19, an M3
The gun crew must
0
120
G
,
.
a
M
MK19 on a
tripod, an M64 gun mount, a
be able to mount the
seconds
-
yd
6
K
vehicle or an
T&E mechanism, an organic
MK19 on a vehicle
is
1
ec
9
M3 tripod
carrier, and a selected firing
or a tripod.
id a
FIR
position
et
dism
of
Engage a
Given a mounted MK19, a
The gunner must
6
60
ING
stationary
vehicle target at 800 meters, a
impact the vehicle
seconds
ir o
eu
u
vehicle target
selected firing position, and 6
target with at least 2
TAB
n
s
at 800 meters
40-millimeter TP rounds
of the 6 rounds.
ted
ing
Engage a
Given a mounted MK19, a
The gunner must
4
90
L
Tab
E,
f
stationary
vehicle target at 600 meters, a
impact the vehicle
seconds
ir
DIS
vehicle target
selected firing position, and 4
target with at least 1
i
l
n
e
at 600 meters
40-millimeter TP rounds
of the 4 rounds.
g
G
M
tab
-5
O
ba
U
le.
N
se
T
d
T
ED
o
h
n
e
Table G-6. Assistant Gunner, Dismounted (Continued)
Task
Condition
Standard
Ammunition
Time
Engage a
Given a mounted MK19,
The gunner must impact the
6
90 seconds
stationary vehicle
a vehicle target at 1,100
vehicle target with at least 2 of
target at 1,100
meters, a selected firing
the 6 rounds.
meters
position, and 6
40-millimeter TP rounds
Engage a
Given a mounted MK19,
The gunner must impact the
6
120
stationary vehicle
a vehicle target at 1,100
vehicle target with at least 2 of
seconds
target at 1,500
meters, a selected firing
the 6 rounds.
meters
position, and 6
MK19
40-millimeter TP rounds
Engage a
Given a mounted MK19
The gunner must impact the
8
120
Q
stationary vehicle
vehicle target at 1,500
vehicle target with at least 2 of
seconds
ual
target at 1,500
meters, a selected firing
the 8 rounds.
ifica
meters
position, and 8
40-millimeter TP rounds
tion
Dismount the
Given a mounted MK19
The gunner must take the MK19
0
60 seconds
Tabl
MK19 from a
and a selected firing
out of operation from the carrier
vehicle or a tripod
position
or tripod.
FM
es
3-
G
1
-
9
1
.
3
4
G
AS
FM
-14
SIS
3-
M
19.
K
T
19
4
ANT
Table G-7. Assistant Gunner (Night)
Q
G-
ualific
7.
G
Task
Condition
Standard
Ammunition
Time
UN
Tab
atio
Mount the AN/TVS-5 to
Given a mounted AN/TVS 5
The gunner must mount
0
120
NER
the MK19
and a T&E mechanism
the AN/TVS-5 on an
seconds
n
le
T
MK19.
G
a
-7
,
bles
Engage a stationary
Given a mounted MK19, a
The gunner must
6
120
M
i
vehicle target at 600
vehicle target at 600 meters,
impact on the vehicle
seconds
s
K
f
1
meter
a selected firing position,
target with at least 1 of
o
9
r
and 6 40-millimeter TP
the 6 rounds.
n
FIR
ig
rounds
ht
I
Engage troops in the
Given a mounted MK19,
The gunner must
6
120
N
firing
G
open at 800 meters
troops in the open at 800
impact on the vehicle
seconds
TAB
meters, a selected firing
target with at least 1 of
f
position, and 6 40-millimeter
the 6 rounds.
ami
L
TP rounds
E
liari
Dismount the AN/TVS-5
Given an MK19 and an
The gun crew must take
0
120
(NIGH
from the MK19
AN/TVS-5
the AN/TVS-5 out of
seconds
zati
operation within 2
o
minutes.
n
T)
only
.
FM 3-19.4
MK19 SCORECARD
G-8. Figure G-1 is the scorecard for primary and
assistant gunner qualification
.d
s
e
Hit
lifi
ate
qua
D.
=
5
d
s
e
its
le
ir
s
h
u
2
1
2
2
l
tab
q
Hit
ta
shed.
d
Re
To
gui
ifie
n
.d
sti
ual
it
e
ds)
q
n
e
di
ifie
bl
0
0
ts.
U
a
on
0
0
2
8
=
.
T
im
c
9
9
1
1
s
e
ree
4
T
s.
qual
d
e
th
(S
emen
ard
r
tabl
o
un
nte
ment
=
nd
d
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e
ou
te
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ta
ifie
cl
cl
cl
cl
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ifie
d
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gage
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ism
rg
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n
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ifie
e
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o
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tw
ify
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ifie
e
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e
s)
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al
b
n
3.
g
0
0
a
00
0
of
qu
d
an
qual
d
n
00
0
n
a
eter
8
6
,1
4
4
a
:
to
R
1
1,5
=
fo 2
g
hed
shed
ls
car
(M
3
=
n
is
ui
fai
re
d
ati
shed
=
ngu
ng
d
R
ti
ti
er
co
ds
:
ui
lifie
ll
is
is
di
S
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g
a
a
S
6
4
6
8
ng
ifie
u
d
d
ols
n
S
oun
tin
ti
al
q
er
o
e
.
a
R
is
w
tio
2
Ra
D
Qu
Un
Ov
T
On
If
ica
alif
its
its
H
H
Qu
19
d
d
K
e
its
e
its
M
ir
s
h
ir
s
h
u
2
2
1
1
/2
l
u
2
4
4
l
q
Hit
2
ta
q
Hit
ta
Re
To
Re
To
)
)
ds
le
ds
e
e
ts.
e
ts.
0
0
0
b
0
im
on
9
20
6
20
a
im
on
6
20
20
abl
T
c
1
1
18
1
1
s.
T
T
c
s.
T
e
e
emen
emen
d
(S
(S
ring
al)
te
ment
ment
n
t
/
Fi
t
e
e
e
s
e
le
engag
t-
e
e
e
s
engag
Initi
cl
cl
cl
ic
cl
cl
ops
d
h
d
Mou
rg
rg
ehi
ehi
roop
ehi
he
ngage
ig
ehi
ehi
roop
ngage
dle
Ta
V
V
T
V
V
tro
ifie
e
.
N
Ta
V
V
T
ifie
e
.
id
d
d
ow
ow
M
qual
ifie
qual
ifie
5
bel
e
3
bel
st,
e
s)
ual
g
s)
ual
ir
g
600
of
q
n
of
q
F
n
00
00
00
00
00
eter
4
,100
6
,500
5
5
and
eter
4
6
8
3
3
and
Ra
1
1
=
f
Ra
=
f
(M
o
3
(M
o
1
ast,
1,100/
4
=
2
=
(L
d
d
shed
=
shed
=
e
s
d
s
d
d
:
ui
ifie
d
:
ui
ifie
m
n
g
g
a
n
u
4
8
4
6
01
ng
ifie
u
6
8
8
ng
ifie
N
tin
ti
qual
tin
ti
qual
.
is
ual
n
is
ual
n
1
Ro
Ra
D
Q
U
Ro
Ra
D
Q
U
Figure G-1. MK19 Qualification Tables
MK19 Qualification Tables G-15
Appendix H
Countermine Operations
Military operations are often conducted in areas
where warring factions have left unrecorded
mines and minefields scattered across the
landscape. In these environments, emphasize
mine awareness at all levels of command and
plan countermine operations into every military
operation.
OVERVIEW
H-1. Undertake countermine operations to breach or
clear a minefield. All the tasks fall under breaching or
clearing operations and include detecting, reporting,
reducing, proofing, and marking.
H-2. MP efforts in countermine operations are in
detecting, reporting, and marking. They conduct
countermine operations in conjunction with their other
missions. Countermine operations include–
•
Denying infiltrators, insurgents, and terrorist
groups the opportunity to use mines.
•
Using mine detection equipment.
•
Detecting mines visually or by probing.
•
Reporting the location of suspected mines and
UXO.
•
Marking the location of these devices.
H-3. MP patrols look for suspicious persons along
MSRs; watch approaches to critical points like bridges or
defiles; and maintain surveillance of MSRs, key terrain,
and critical facilities. Check with the HN police and local
nationals for information on unusual activity in a
Countermine Operations H-1
FM 3-19.4
particular AO. Mines are usually emplaced at night. Use
night vision and early warning devices to maintain
surveillance and detect enemy activity.
H-4. Mine and UXO awareness involve soldier and
leader skills. Soldier skills are a mix of individual and
collective tasks that are required for an element to
maintain its combat effectiveness in and around a mined
environment. Soldier skills involve individual and
collective tasks that are required for basic survival in a
mined environment. They include minefield indicators,
probing techniques, mine detector operations, extraction
d r i l l s , s u r v i v a l r u l e s , c a s u a l t y t r e a t m e n t , a n d
evacuation drills. The soldier's basic mine awareness
skills are critical to his and the unit's survival. Leader
skills involve planning missions, assessing situations,
and tracking and disseminating mine information.
Soldiers must be proficient in all mine awareness skills
to effectively operate in a mined environment (refer to
FM 20-32).
DETECT
H-5. Detection is the actual confirmation and location of
t h e m i n e s a n d m a y
b e a c c o m p l i s h e d t h r o u g h
reconnaissance or unintentionally (such as a vehicle
running into a mine). Use mine detection in conjunction
with intelligence-gathering operations, minefield bypass
reconnaissance, and breaching and clearing operations.
Use the following three methods to detect mines and
UXO:
•
Visual.
•
Physical (probing).
•
Electronic (mine detector).
VISUAL INDICATORS
H-6. Mine and UXO indicators are part of all combat
operations. Understanding and recognizing mine
H-2 Countermine Operations
FM 3-19.4
indicators could determine whether or not a soldier
becomes a casualty. The following may indicate the
presence of mines and UXO:
•
Trip wires.
•
Signs of road repair (such as new fill or paving,
road patches, ditching, or culvert work).
•
Signs, usually understood only by local populace,
placed on trees, posts, or stakes. Threat forces
mark their minefields to protect their own
forces.
•
Dead animals.
•
Vehicles that are damaged.
•
Disturbances in previous tire tracks or tracks
that stop unexplainably.
•
Wires leading away from the side of the road.
They may be firing wires that are partially
buried.
H-7. Check for odd features in the ground or patterns
that are not present in nature. Plant growth may wilt or
change color, rain may wash away some of the cover, the
cover may sink or crack around the edges, or the
material covering the mines may look like mounds of
dirt. Civilians may know where mines or booby traps are
located in the residential area. Civilians staying away
from certain places or out of certain buildings are good
indications of the presence of mines or booby traps.
Question civilians to determine the exact location of
these devices.
H-8. Pieces of wood or other debris on a road may be
indicators of pressure or pressure-release firing devices.
These devices may be on the surface or partially buried.
The enemy uses mines that are fired by command, so
search road shoulders and areas close to the objects.
Countermine Operations H-3
FM 3-19.4
PHYSICAL INDICATORS
H - 9 . Ph y s i c a l d e t e c t i o n ( p r o b i n g ) i s v e r y t i m e -
consuming. Use it primarily for clearing operations, self-
extraction, and covert breaching operations. Detection of
mines b y vi sual or electronic methods should be
confirmed by probing. Use the following procedures and
techniques when probing for mines:
•
Roll up your sleeves, and remove any jewelry to
increase sensitivity. Wear a Kevlar helmet, with
t h e c h i n s t r a p b u c k l e d , a n d a p r o t e c t i v e
fragmentation vest.
•
Stay close to the ground, and move in a prone
position to reduce the effects of an accidental
blast. When moving into a prone position–
в–
Squat down without touching your knees to
the ground.
в–
Scan forward up to 2 meters and to the sides
up to 3 meters for mine indicators.
в–
Probe the area around your feet and as far
forward as possible.
в–
Kneel on the ground after the area is found
to be clear. Continue probing forward until
you are in a prone position.
•
Use sight and touch to detect trip wires, fuses,
and pressure prongs.
•
Use a slender, nonmetallic object as a probe,
and—
в–
Probe every 5 centimeters across a 1-meter
front.
в–
Push the probe gently into the ground at an
angle that is less than 45 degrees.
в–
Apply just enough pressure on the probe to
sink it slowly into the ground.
в–
Check the probe for resistance. If the probe
encounters resistance and does not go into
the ground freely, carefully pick the soil
H-4 Countermine Operations
FM 3-19.4
away with the tip of the probe and remove
the loose dirt by hand. Take care to prevent
functioning the mine.
в–
Stop probing when you touch a solid object,
and use two fingers from each hand to
carefully remove the surrounding soil and
identify the object. If the object is a mine,
remove enough soil to show the mine type
and mark its location.
DANGER
Do not attempt to remove or disarm the mine.
H-10. Probing is extremely stressful and tedious. The
senior leader sets a limit to the time a prober can
ac tually pr obe i n the mi nef ield. To d etermine a
reasonable time, the leader considers the METT-TC
factors, weather conditions, the threat level, the unit’s
stress level, and the prober’s fatigue level and state of
mind. As a rule, 20 to 30 minutes is the maximum
amount of time that an individual can probe effectively.
DANGER
Use extreme caution when probing. If the probe is pushed
straight down, its tip may detonate a pressure fuse.
ELECTRONIC INDICATORS
H-11. Electronic detection is effective for locating mines,
but th i s m etho d i s tim e-c on sum ing a nd exp oses
personnel to enemy fire. Confirm suspected mines by
probing.
H-12. The AN/PSS-12 mine detector can only detect
metal, but most mines have metal components in their
design. The detector locates and identifies plastic or
wooden mines by a slight metallic signature. Refer to TM
5-6665-298-10 for more information about the employ-
Countermine Operations H-5
FM 3-19.4
ment and operation procedures for the AN/PSS-12. The
detector is handheld and identifies suspected mines by an
audio signal in the headphones.
H - 1 3 . A s i n p ro b i n g , t a k e c o n s i d e r a t i o n fo r t h e
maximum amount of time an individual can operate the
detector. The leader considers the METT-TC factors,
weather conditions, the threat level, the unit's stress
level, and the individual's fatigue level and state of
mind. As a rule, 20 to 30 minutes is the maximum
amount of time an individual can use the detector
effectively.
REPORT
H-14. Intelligence concerning enemy mines and UXO is
reported by the fastest means a vail able. Report
sightings of these devices using a SPOTREP format.
SPOTREPs originate from patrols that have been sent
on specific reconnaissance missions or from MP patrols
that discover mine information in the course of their
normal route operations.
MARK
H-15. When mines and UXO are detected, mark the
location to prevent friendly follow-on forces and local
nationals from accidentally encountering them. Mark
the mines and UXO with standard North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO) markers (a red triangle
with white letters). Use concertina wire to construct a
perimeter around the mined area and place markers on
the fencing about waist-high.
H-6 Countermine Operations
Appendix I
Route Classification and Signing System
The military route classification system helps
i n p l a n n i n g a n d e x e c u t i n g b a t t l e f i e l d
movements. Military engineers develop route
classifications using a route classification
formula. This formula consists of a series of
numbers and letters that express, in standard
sequence, the route width, the route type, the
lowest MLC, overhead clearance, obstructions
to the traffic flow, and special conditions on a
given route. Findings are based on information
extracted from route reconnaissance reports.
OVERVIEW
I-1. The first step in completing a route reconnaissance
overlay is to understand what information must be
included on it. As a minimum, include the following
information on the overlay:
•
The route classification formula.
•
The name, rank, and social security number of
the person preparing the overlay.
•
The unit conducting the reconnaissance.
•
The DTG that the overlay was conducted.
•
The map name, edition, and scale.
•
Any remarks necessary to ensure the complete
understanding of the information contained on
the overlay.
I-2. This appendix focuses on the route classification
system and the methods necessary to determine the
classification of a road. Refer to FM 5-170 for more
Route Classification and Signing System I-1
FM 3-19.4
i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t r o u t e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d
reconnaissance.
ROUTE CLASSIFICATION FORMULA
I-3. The route classificati on is derived fr om the
information gathered during the route reconnaissance.
The formula is recorded on the route reconnaissance
overlay (Figure I-1) and consists of the following:
•
The route width (in meters).
•
The route type (based on the ability to withstand
weather).
•
The lowest MLC.
•
The lowest overhead clearance (in meters).
•
Any
obstructions
(OB)
to
traffic
flow,
if
applicable.
•
Any special conditions, such as snow blockage
(T) or flooding (W).
I-4. The following are examples of route classification
formulas:
•
6.1/Z/40/ в€ћ . A fair-weather route (Z) with a
minimum traveled way of 6.1 meters and an
MLC of 40. Overhead clearance is unlimited
( в€ћ ), and there are no obstructions to traffic flow.
This route accommodates both wheeled and
tracked, single-flow traffic without obstruction.
•
7/Y/50/4.6 (OB) (W). A limited, all-weather route
(Y) with a minimum traveled way of 7 meters, an
MLC of 50, an overhead clearance of 4.6 meters,
and an obstruction. This route width is not
suitable for double-flow traffic (wheeled or
tracked). This route is subject to regular,
recurrent flooding.
I-2 Route Classification and Signing System
FM 3-19.4
Name, Rank
SSN
Unit
DTG
Map Name
Edition
Scale
Remarks:
Figure I-1. Route Reconnaissance Overlay
I-5. Table I-1, page I-4, gives route reconnaissance
symbols used on a route reconnaissance overlay.
Route Classification and Signing System I-3
FM 3-19.4
Table I-1. Route Reconnaissance Symbols
Explanation
Symbol
Remarks
1. Abbreviated
Use this symbol only when the map
bridge symbol
scale does not permit the use of the full
NATO bridge symbol. If this symbol is
80
used, submit DA Form 1249. Draw an
4
arrow to the map location of the bridge.
Show the bridge's serial number in the
lower portion of the symbol and the
MLC for single-flow traffic in the upper
portion. If there are separate load
classifications for tracked or wheeled
vehicles, show the lesser classification.
Underline the classification number if
the width or overhead clearance is
below the minimum standard.
2. Axial route
Use a solid line and identify the route by
an odd number.
57
3. Bypass
Use this symbol when the obstacle can
difficult
be crossed in the immediate vicinity, but
some work is necessary to improve the
bypass.
4. Bypass
Use this symbol when the obstacle can
easy
be crossed in the immediate vicinity by
a US 2 1/2-ton truck (or NATO
equivalent) without work to improve the
bypass.
5. Bypass
Use this symbol when the obstacle can
impossible
be crossed only by repairing or
constructing a feature or by detouring
around the obstacle.
6. Civil or
Write the designation in parentheses
military route
along the route.
designation
(B209)
I-4 Route Classification and Signing System
FM 3-19.4
Table I-1. Route Reconnaissance Symbols (Continued)
Explanation
Symbol
Remarks
7.Concealment
Show roads lined with trees by a single
line of circles for deciduous trees and a
single line of inverted Vs for evergreen
trees. Show woods bordering a road by
several rows of circles for deciduous
trees and several rows of inverted Vs
for evergreen trees.
8. Critical
Number, in order, and describe critical
points
points on DA Form 1711-R. Use critical
points to show the features not
3
adequately covered by other symbols
on an overlay.
9. Damage or
Damage or destruction that prevents
destruction
movement along the route.
10. Ferry
Draw an arrow to the ferry location. The
Ferry type
data above the symbols shows, in order,
P–pedestrian
2
P
the left approach, the ferry's serial
number, the ferry type, and right
V–vehicular
?
6
approach. The data inside the symbol
12
shows, from left to right, the MLC and
the dead weight capacity in tons. The
4
V
number below the symbol shows the
turnaround time, in minutes. A question
60
?
20
mark indicates unknown information.
Show the different approaches by a
zigzag line, and show easy approaches
by a straight line.
Route Classification and Signing System I-5
FM 3-19.4
Table I-1. Route Reconnaissance Symbols (Continued)
Explanation
Symbol
Remarks
11. Ford
Draw an arrow to the ford location. The
Ford type
data above the line shows, in order, the
P – pedestrian
1 / P/ 2.5 / X
left-bank approach, the ford serial
V–vehicular
15 / 3.5 / S / 0.5
number, the ford type, the stream
velocity (in meters per second),
4 / V / ? / Y
seasonal limitations, and the right-bank
approach. A zigzag line corresponding
15 / 3 / P / 0.75
in position to the shore where the
approach is located represents difficult
approaches. Straight lines identify an
easy approach. The left and right banks
are determined by looking downstream.
The data below the line shows, in order,
the length, the width, the bottom type,
and the depth. All measurements are in
meters.
Seasonal limiting factors: X – none;
Y – significant; ? – unknown
information.
Bottom type: M – mud; C – clay,
S – sand; G – gravel; R – rock;
P – artificial paving.
12. Full NATO
Indicate wheeled vehicles in the upper
bridge symbol
third of the symbol with the two-way
1
100
100
3
wheeled classification on the left and
m
.5
5 60
90
the one-way wheeled classification on
.
m
4
B3
the right. Show tracked vehicles in the
center third of the symbol with the two-
8.2 m
way tracked classification on the left
and the one-way tracked classification
on the right. Place the bridge serial
number in the lower third of the symbol.
Draw an arrow to the bridge location
and show the bypass conditions on the
arrow shaft. Place the traveled-way
width below the symbol, the overhead
clearance to the left of the symbol, and
the overall length to the right of the
symbol.
I-6 Route Classification and Signing System
FM 3-19.4
Table I-1. Route Reconnaissance Symbols (Continued)
Explanation
Symbol
Remarks
13. Grades
Show the actual percent of grade to the
right of the symbol. Any grade of 7
%4
percent or more is an obstruction.
%
1r
%
%
4
Include the obstruction in the route
e
-7
0
-1
v
classification formula. Arrows should
5
-1
0
O
7
1
point uphill. The length of the arrow
represents the length of the grade if the
7 map scale permits.
5
9
11
1
14. Lateral
Use a broken line, and identify the route
route
32
by an even number.
15. Limits of
Show the beginning and ending of a
sector
reconnoitered section of a route or road
with this symbol.
16. MSR
Label the route as MSR and assign a
MSR DOG
code name.
17. Obstacle
Place the center of the symbol over the
a. Proposed
a.
location of the blocked part of the route.
block
Use parallel broken lines for a proposed
b.
block, parallel lines for a prepared but
b. Prepared
passable block, and crossed lines for a
but passable
completed block.
c.
c. Completed
block
18. Clearance
Use this symbol when overhead
unlimited
clearance is unlimited.
19. Parking
Designate parking areas.
area
20. Railroad
Use this symbol to show a level
crossing
crossing where passing trains would
4.1 m
interrupt the traffic flow. If there is a
power line present, show its height, in
meters, from the ground. Underline the
overhead clearance if it is less than 4.3
meters.
Route Classification and Signing System I-7
FM 3-19.4
Table I-1. Route Reconnaissance Symbols (Continued)
Explanation
Symbol
Remarks
21. Railway
Place RL above the symbol to indicate a
bridge symbol
railway bridge. At the left of the symbol,
show the overhead clearance. Show the
RL
overall length of the bridge on the right
of the symbol. Indicate the traveled-way
60
8
40
width below the symbol, and underline it
5
if it is below standard for the
classification. Inside the symbol, show
4
the bridge classification in the upper
5
half. If the class is different for single-
and double-flow traffic, show single flow
on the left and double flow on the right.
RL
Place the railway bridge serial number
in the lower half of the symbol. Draw an
45 60
5
60
arrow to the bridge location. On the
6
arrow shaft, indicate the ease of
adapting the bridge for road vehicle use.
8
A zigzag line means it would be difficult
6
to adapt, and a straight line means it
would be easy to adapt. Place the
bypass symbol on the arrow shaft to
RL = railroad
bridge
indicate the bypass conditions.
22. Route
Express the formula in the order of the
classification
6 / Z / 30 / 4 / (OB) route width, the route type, MLC,
minimum clearance, obstructions (if
formula
present), and special conditions. All
measurements are in meters.
Route types: X – all weather; Y – limited
all-weather route; Z – fair-weather
route. Special conditions: (T) – regular
snow blockage; (W) - regular flooding.
23.Series of
Write the number of curves and the
sharp curves
radius of the sharpest curve of the
series to the outside of the triangle.
5 / 15
I-8 Route Classification and Signing System
FM 3-19.4
Table I-1. Route Reconnaissance Symbols (Continued)
Explanation
Symbol
Remarks
24. Sharp
Point the vertex of the triangle to the
curve
curve location and indicate the radius of
the curve, in meters, outside the
26
triangle. A curve of 45 meters or less
must be reported on the overlay, and a
curve of 25 meters or less is an
obstacle.
25. Traffic
None
control HQ
26. Traffic
Manned traffic control post.
control post
27. Tunnel
Draw an arrow to the tunnel location.
Place the bypass condition symbol on
the arrow. Show the minimum and
5 / 6
1
800
maximum overhead clearances to the
5 / 6
left of the symbol, the tunnel serial
number inside the symbol, and the total
tunnel length to the right of the symbol.
Below the symbol, show the traveled-
way width. If sidewalks are present,
follow with a slash and the total traveled
way, including sidewalks. Underline the
traveled way if the road entering the
tunnel is wider than the traveled way of
the tunnel. Use a question mark to show
unknown information.
Route Classification and Signing System I-9
FM 3-19.4
Table I-1. Route Reconnaissance Symbols (Continued)
Explanation
Symbol
Remarks
28. Turnout;
Use this symbol to show the possibility
the symbol
of driving off the road. Draw the arrow in
may be
the direction of the turnout (right or left
amplified as
of the road). For wheeled vehicles, draw
follows:
a.
a small circle on the shaft of the arrow.
400
a. Wheeled
b.
For tracked vehicles, draw a small
c.
vehicle
square on the shaft of the arrow and
b. Tracked
place the length of the turnout, in
vehicle
meters, at the tip of the arrow. When the
c. A length of
turnout is longer than 1 kilometer, use
road exceed-
double arrows.
ing 1 kilometer
29. Underpass
Draw the symbol over the road. Place
constrictions
the width of the traveled way, in meters,
(arched or
to the left of the symbol. If sidewalks are
rectangular)
present, follow the traveled-way width
4
3.5/4.5
with a slash and the total width,
including sidewalks. Underline the
traveled-way width if the road entering
4/6
7
the underpass is wider than the
underpass traveled way. Show the
overhead clearance, in meters, to the
right of the symbol. Show both minimum
and maximum overhead clearances, if
different.
30. Unknown
Use a question mark with almost any
information
symbol when information required for
?
the symbol is unknown or doubtful.
31. Width
The minimum width is to the left of the
constriction
symbol. The length of the minimum
4
120
width is to the right of the symbol.
I-10 Route Classification and Signing System
FM 3-19.4
ROUTE WIDTHS
I-6. The route width is the narrowest width of a traveled
way on a route (Figure I-2) and is expressed in meters.
It may be the width of a bridge, a tunnel, an underpass,
or any other constriction that limits the traveled-way
width. The establishment of the traveled-way width will
help determine the number of lanes of traffic that the
route may accommodate.
a
a
b
b
d
d
c
e
a = width of vehicle
b = width of lane
c = width of traveled way
d = width of hard shoulder
e = width of grading
Figure I-2. Road Width
I-7. Based on the number of lanes of traffic, categorize
the route as either—
•
Limited access. Limited access permits passage
of isolated vehicles of the appropriate width in
one direction only.
Route Classification and Signing System I-11
FM 3-19.4
•
Single lane. A single lane permits use in only
one d irection at any on e tim e. Passing or
m o v e m e n t i n t h e o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n i s
impossible.
•
Single flow. Single flow permits the passage of a
column of vehicles and allows isolated vehicles to
pass or travel in the opposite direction at
predetermined points only.
•
Double flow. Double flow permits two columns of
vehicles to proceed simultaneously.
ROUTE TYPES
I-8. Route types are designated by their ability to
withstand the effects of weather, and are determined by
the worst section of the route. The three types of routes
are—
•
Type X. Type X is an all-weather route that, with
reasonable maintenance, is passable throughout
the year to its maximum volume of traffic. This
type of route is normally formed of roads having
waterproof surfaces, is only minimally affected
by precipitation or temperature changes, and is
never closed from the effects of weather.
•
Type Y. Type Y is a limited, all-weather route
that, with reasonable maintenance, is passable
throughout the year, but at times having a
v o l u m e o f t r a f f i c c o n s i d e r a b l y l e s s t h a n
m a x i m u m c a p a c i t y . T h i s ty p e o f r o u t e i s
normally formed of roads that do not have
waterproof surfaces and are affected by weather
or temperature changes. This type of route is
closed for short periods (up to one day at a time)
by adverse weather conditions during which
heavy use of the road would probably lead to
complete collapse.
•
Type Z. Type Z is a fair-weather route that may
become impassable in adverse weather. It may
I-12 Route Classification and Signing System
FM 3-19.4
be closed for long periods, and may require
major maintenance or construction efforts to
reopen it.
MILITARY LOAD CLASSIFICATION
I-9. A route MLC is a class number representing the
safe load-carrying capacity and indicating the maximum
vehicle class that can be accepted under norma l
conditions. Usually, the lowest bridge MLC (regardless
of the v ehicle typ e o r co nd itions o f traf fi c flo w)
determines the route MLC. If there is not a bridge on the
route, the worst section of road determines the route
overall classification.
I-10. Whenever possible, the basic military road
network is composed of average routes and includes a
number of heavy traffic routes and a few very heavy
traffic routes. Individual routes are grouped and
identified in broad categories, such as—
•
Average traffic routes are Class 50.
•
Heavy traffic routes are Class 80.
•
Very heavy traffic routes are Class 120.
OVERHEAD CLEARANCE
I-11. Overhead clearance is the vertical distance
between the road's surface and any overhead obstacle
(power lines, overpasses, tunnels, and so forth) that
denies the use of the route or road to all vehicles or loads
that exceed this height. This distance is represented in
the route classification formula, in meters. Use the
infinity symbol ( в€ћ ) in the formula for unlimited
overhead clearance. Any point along the route where the
minimum overhead clearance is less than 4.3 meters is
considered an obstruction.
Route Classification and Signing System I-13
FM 3-19.4
ROUTE OBSTRUCTIONS
I-12. Route obstructions are conditions that restrict the
type, amount, or speed of the traffic flow. They are
indicated in the route classification formula as OB. If an
obstruction is encountered and reported, depict its exact
nature on the route classification overlay. Reportable
obstructions include the following:
•
Overhead
obstructions,
such
as
tunnels,
underpasses, power lines, and so forth, with a
clearance of less than 4.3 meters.
•
Reductions in traveled-way widths that are
below the standard minimums prescribed for the
type of traffic flow (Table I-2). This includes
reductions caused by bridges, tunnels, craters,
and lanes through mined areas, protruding
buildings, or rubble.
•
Slopes (gradients) of 7 percent or greater.
•
Curves with a radius of 25 meters or less. Curves
with a radius of 25.1 to 45 meters are not
considered obstructions; however, report them
on the reconnaissance overlay.
•
Ferries.
•
Fords.
Table I-2. Traffic Flow
Limited
Double
Type of
Single Lane
Single Flow
Access
Flow (In
Vehicles
(In Meters)
(In Meters)
(In Meters)
Meters)
Wheeled
At least 3.5
3.5 to 5.5
5.5 to 7.3
Over 7.3
Tracked or
At least 4.0
4.0 to 6.0
6.0 to 8.0
Over 8.0
combination
vehicles
I-14 Route Classification and Signing System
FM 3-19.4
SPECIAL CONDITIONS (SNOW BLOCKAGE AND
FLOODING)
I-13. Conditions, such as snow and water, are not
normally classified as obstructions, except where these
conditions are regular, recurrent, and serious. In cases
where snow accumulation is excessive and is either
blocking traffic or has the potential to block traffic, the
symbol following the route classification formula is T.
Similarly, where flooding poses the same problem, the
symbol following the formula is W.
CALCULATIONS
I-14. Make calculations for the various curves, slopes,
and fords that may affect vehicle movement along the
route.
CURVES
I-15. The speeds that vehicles move along the route and
security planning measures are affected by sharp curves
in the roadway. As previously stated, curves with a
radius of 25 meters and less are obstructions to traffic
and are indicated by OB in the route classification
formula and identified on DA Form 1248. There are
several ways to measure the radius of a curve, but the
two easiest are the tape measure and formula methods.
Tape Measure Method
I-16. The quickest way to estimate the radius of a sharp
curve is by using a tape measure to find the radius
(Figure I-3, page I-16). Imagine the outer edge of the
curve as the outer edge of a circle. Find (estimate) the
center of this imaginary circle; then measure the radius
using a tape measure. Start from the center of the circle
and measure to the outside edge of the curve. The length
of the tape measure from the center of the imaginary
circle to its outer edge is the curve radius. This method
Route Classification and Signing System I-15
FM 3-19.4
is practical for curves having a radius up to 15 meters
and located on relatively flat ground.
PC
PT
Road
CL
Tape
Figure I-3. Find the Radius with a Tape Measure
Formula Method
I-17. The other, and often more practical, method of
determining a curve radius (Figure I-4) is based on the
following formula:
2
R = ( C вЃ„ 8m) + ( M вЃ„ 2)
where—
R = radius of the curve
C = distance from the centerline of the road to the
centerline of the road at the outer extremities (beginning
and end) of the curve
M = perpendicular distance from the center of the tape to
the centerline of the road
I-18. When conditions warrant, set M at 2 meters from
the centerline, then measure C at 2 meters from the
centerline. Use this method when there is a time
limitation or because natural or man-made restrictions
prevent proper measurements.
I-16 Route Classification and Signing System
FM 3-19.4
CL
M
90В°
C
R
R
Figure I-4. Determine a Curve Radius
I-19. If C is 15 meters and M is fixed at 2 meters, the
formula becomes:
2
R = ( 15 вЃ„ 16) + 2 вЃ„ 2
I- 2 0 . T he re s ul t of th i s ca l cu l a t io n wo ul d b e a n
obstruction to traffic flow, and OB would be placed in the
route classification formula.
SLOPES
I-21. The rise and fall of the ground is known as the
slope or gradient (grade). Roadways with a slope of 7
percent or greater affect the movement speed along the
route and are considered an obstruction. The percent of
slope is the ratio of the change in elevation (the vertical
distance to the horizontal ground distance) multiplied by
100 (Figure I-5, page I-18). It is important to express the
vertical and horizontal distance in the same unit of
measure. Although not an obstruction, report all hills
w i t h a s l o p e g r e a t e r t h a n 5 p e r c e n t o n t h e
reconnaissance overlay.
I-22. There are numerous methods and instruments
available for determining the percent of slope, but the
Route Classification and Signing System I-17
FM 3-19.4
B
V
Percent of slope
d
= --- Г— 100
100 m
Hd
Slope
vertical
100 m
distance
= ----------- Г— 100
A
(V
1, 000 m
1,000 m
d)
= +10 percent
Horizontal distance (Hd)
Figure I-5. Calculate the Percent of Slope
two hasty and most practical methods are the map and
pace methods.
Map Method
I-23. Use a large-scale map (such as 1:50,000) to
estimate the percent of slope quickly. After identifying
the slope on the map, find the difference in elevations
between the top and bottom of the slope by reading the
elevation contours or spot elevation. Then, measure and
convert the horizontal distance (usually road distance)
to the same unit of measurement as the elevation
difference. Substitute the vertical and horizontal
distances in the percent-of-slope formula and compute
the percent of slope (Figure I-6). This is a hasty method
and is the less accurate of the two methods.
Pace Method
I-24. The pace method is another quick way to estimate
the percent of slope. Before using this method, accu-
rately determine the height and pace of each member of
the reconnaissance team. As a general rule of thumb,
the eye level of the average soldier is 1.75 meters above
the ground (Figure I-7, page I-20). The pace of the aver-
age soldier is 0.75 meters. Perform the following steps to
determine the percentage of slopes:
I-18 Route Classification and Signing System
FM 3-19.4
180
193
B
150
140
120
100
A
0 m
1,000 m
2,000 m
3,000 m
4,000 m
5,000 m
Find the difference in elevation (Vd)
Spot elevation B
= 193 m
Spot elevation A
= 100 m
Difference in elevation (Vd)
=
93 m
Find the horizontal distance (Hd)
Road distance A to B (use a piece of paper and a graphic
scale as shown in FM 21-26) = 3,720 m
Use the percent-of-slope formula.
Vd
--- Г— 100
Hd
93
= ------- Г— 100
3, 720
+ 2.5 percent
Figure I-6. Determine the Slope with a Map
Route Classification and Signing System I-19
FM 3-19.4
1.75 m
125 paces
1.75 m
75 paces
Find:
Percent of slope
=
Given:
Eye-level height
=
1.75 m
Pace
=
0.75 m
Answer:
Vertical distance
=
2 x 1.75 m
=
3.5 m
Horizontal distance
=
75 paces +125 paces x 0.75
=
150 m
V
3.5
Percent of slope
d
= --- Г— 100 = ---- Г— 100
Hd
150
Figure I-7. Determine the Slope Using the Pace Method
Step 1. Stand at the bottom of the slope with your
head and eyes level.
Step 2. Sight an easily identifiable spot on the slope,
horizontal to eye-level.
Step 3. Wal k forwar d and stand on the spot,
r e c o r d i n g t h e n u m b e r o f p a c e s . R e p e a t t h i s
procedure until you reach the top of the slope.
Estimate fractions of eye level.
S t e p 4 . C o m p u t e t h e v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e b y
multiplying the number of sightings by the eye-level
height of 1.75 meters. Compute the horizontal
di stance by totaling the numb er of pa ces and
converting them to meters by multiplying by the
known pace-to-meter conversion factor of 0.75
meters.
I-20 Route Classification and Signing System
FM 3-19.4
S t e p 5 . C a l c u l a t e t h e p e r c e n t o f s l o p e b y
substituting the values into the percent-of-slope
formula (Figure I-7). Because this method considers
horizontal ground distance and incline distance as
equal, the reasonable accuracy is only for slopes less
than 30 percent. This method requires repeated
practice to achieve reasonable accuracy.
FORDS
I-25. A ford is a location in a water barrier where the
current, bottom, and approaches allow personnel and
vehicles to cross and remain in contact with the bottom
during the crossing. While engineers are fully trained
and equipped in this area, MP are also capable of
p e r f o r m i n g t h i s t a s k . I n t h e c o u r s e o f a r o u t e
reconnaissance, MP identify potential fording sites as a
contingency for bridges that may become unusable.
When identifying a ford on the reconnaissance overlay,
include the following information in the ford symbol:
•
The ford location, as indicated by an arrow from
the ford symbol to the site on the overlay.
•
A serial number assigned to each ford for
reference. Follow the unit SOP in assigning
serial numbers, ensuring that the same number
is not duplicated on any one overlay.
•
The type of ford, as determined by bottom
composition, width, and water depth. Use V for
ve hic l e, P f or pe des trian , or V P f or both .
Approaches are not considered in determining
the ford type.
•
The
stream’s
normal
current
velocity
is
expressed in meters per second. Seasonal
limiting factors follow the stream velocity
notation and are shown by the following letters:
в–
X - No seasonal limitations except for
potential sudden flooding of limited duration
(flash flooding).
в–
Y - Serious, regular, or recurrent flooding or
snow blockage.
Route Classification and Signing System I-21
FM 3-19.4
NOTE: If the Y symbol is used, the route type in the route
classification formula automatically becomes type Z.
•
The length of the ford (distance from nearshore
to far shore), in meters.
•
The nature of the bottom surface, using the most
appropriate letter symbol—
в–
M – mud.
в–
C – clay.
в–
S – sand.
в–
G – gravel.
в–
R – rock.
в–
P – artificial paving.
•
The normal stream depth at its deepest point,
expressed in meters.
I-26. Separate all elements of the ford symbol by
slashes. Substitute a question mark for any item of
information that is unknown. Record all the information
on the route reconnaissance overlay.
Stream Width
I - 2 7 . T h e r e a r e m a n y m e t h o d s o f d e t e r m i n i n g
(estimating) the stream’s width. The most common and
practical is the compass method. Begin by using a
compass to take an azimuth from a point on the
nearshore and close to the water’s edge to a point on the
opposite shore and close to the water’s edge (Figure I-8).
On the nearshore, establish another point that is on a
line and at a right angle to the azimuth selected. The
azimuth to the same point on the far shore is plus or
minus 45 degrees (800 mils) from the previous azimuth.
Measure the distance between the two points on the
nearshore. This distance is equal to the distance across
the stream.
Current Velocity
I-28. Current velocities vary in different parts of a
stream. Velocity is usually slower near the shore and
I-22 Route Classification and Signing System
FM 3-19.4
B
Far shore
A - Point on nearshore
B - Point on far shore
AB - Distance to be measured
270В°
Azimuth of line AB is 315В° (moving
315В°
left, add 45 В°; moving right, subtract
45 ).
В°
Azimuth of line CB is 270В°.
Difference between azimuth AB and
A
C
Nearshore
azimuth CB is 45В°.
Distance along AC equals distance
along AB.
Figure I-8. Determine Stream Width
faster in the main channel of the stream. To estimate
stream velocity—
•
Measure a distance along the nearshore.
•
Throw a light, floating object that will not be
affected by the wind into the stream.
•
Record the time that is takes for the object to
travel measured distance.
•
Repeat this procedure at least three times to
establish an accurate average.
•
Use the average time of the test in the following
formula (Figure I-9, page I-24) to determine the
stream’s velocity.
Velocity (in meters per second) = measured distance (in
meters)/average time (in seconds)
TEMPORARY ROUTE SIGNING
I-29. A military route sign system, like the US highway
sign system, can enable road users to reach their
destinations by following route signs and road markings
displayed along the roadside. MP patrols monitor signs
on a routine basis, checking specific signs before critical
Route Classification and Signing System I-23
FM 3-19.4
Direction of current
C
A
B
A'
B'
A'B' (meters or feet)
Velocity = ------------------------------------------
Time to float from A to B (seconds)
Measure distance A'B'.
Throw a floating object into the stream at C.
Determine the time required for the object to float
to distance from A to B.
NOTE: This should be done three times, with
the final velocity being the average of the
three.
Figure I-9. Determine Stream Velocity
moves. Engineers erect permanent signs, but these signs
can be damaged, destroyed, or moved by weather,
saboteurs, and battle.
I-30. When MP on patrol encounter immediate and
temporary MSR obstructions, like blown bridges or NBC
contamination, they construct and erect signs quickly to
guide vehicles around the obstruction. Prepare and post
temporary signs to—
•
Identify routes.
•
Reroute traffic around problem areas.
I-24 Route Classification and Signing System
FM 3-19.4
•
Help convoys and units move quickly and easily
to their destinations even on an unfamiliar
route.
•
Show the drivers the locations of staging areas,
tactical AAs, detours, key units, and facilities.
•
Give
directions,
distances,
and
general
information.
•
Help lost military personnel find their way to
the closest MP element.
TEMPORARY SIGNING
I-31. Obtain signing materials, signs, paint, and wire
through the Army supply system. In an emergency, use
boards, shingles, or cardboard. Use a portable sign-
making kit to prepare signs when the signs will not
conflict with standardization agreements (STANAGs).
I-32. Preplanned route signing for convoys and units
traveling long stretches of MSRs and link routes must be
planned well in advance. It is a time-consuming and
manpower- and material-intensive operation. Signs used
for this type of route are built by engineers or by MP
battalion or company supply personnel. If tasked to take
part in such an activity, ensure that after the signs have
been constructed and coded for a particular route or
operation, they are stored in a secure place to avoid
compromise.
TEMPORARY ROUTE SIGNING
I-33. Place signs where they will support the traffic
control plan and the traffic circulation plan. Specific sign
locations are shown on the traffic control plan overlay
prepared at the PM operations section. Changes in sign
locations are reflected on the traffic control plan overlay
as signs are added and deleted.
I-3 4 . P l an. Wh e n MP en co u nte r i m medi a t e a nd
temporary MSR obstructions, like blown bridges or NBC
Route Classification and Signing System I-25
FM 3-19.4
c o n t a m i n a t i o n , t h e y u s e t h e s q u a d r o u t e s i g n
kit or construct and erect hasty signs quickly to guide
v e h i c l e s a r o u n d t h e o b s t r u c t i o n s . P l a n n i n g
considerations include the following:
•
Identifying routes.
•
Rerouting traffic around problem areas.
•
Helping convoys and units move quickly and
easily to their destinations, even on unfamiliar
routes.
•
Showing drivers the locations of staging areas,
tactical AAs, detours, key units, and facilities.
•
Giving
directions,
distances,
and
general
information.
I-35. Execute. Place signs where they will support the
traffic control plan and the traffic circulation plan.
Specific sign locations are shown on the traffic control
plan overlay. Changes in sign locations are reflected on
the traffic control plan overlay as signs are added or
deleted.
I-36. Often, one three-man team can place signs along a
route. To post a sign, a team member dismounts and
walks 50 to 100 meters up the road. The other team
members provide security and check and confirm the
sign's placement to ensure that the drivers will be able
to see the sign.
I-37. MP squads use the route signing kit to place signs
along a route within the squad's AO. One team posts the
signs while the other teams provide security. The squad
leader checks and confirms the sign placement by
traveling the entire route. He develops an overlay with
the location of each sign in his squad’s AO. Squad
overlays are consolidated and contribute to a platoon
traffic control plan.
I-38. More teams, up to a squad, may be needed for
signing tasks in urban areas, in areas where a thorough
reconnaissance has not been conducted, and in areas
I-26 Route Classification and Signing System
FM 3-19.4
where the threat is unknown or is thought to be great.
One team erects signs while following teams provide
overwatch security. Use the following guidelines when
placing signs:
•
Place hazard signs about 150 meters before the
hazard.
•
Place regulatory signs where a regulation takes
effect.
•
Place all signs on the side of the road facing the
traffic flow, about 1 meter off the traveled
roadway. Conceal them from air view. If no cover
is available, slant the sign stake forward.
•
Place signs 1 to 2 meters above road level. Place
all the signs at the same height if possible. Sign
height is governed by roadside foliage, by
whether the route is in an urban or a rural area,
and by day or night use. In urban areas, place
signs so that they are not hidden by vehicles or
pedestrians, do not hinder pedestrians, and can
be seen at night with street lighting or vehicle
headlights. In open country, a good sign height is
between thigh and knee height. This usually
makes signs visible by day and night. Be sure
that signs are not obscured by foliage.
•
Use the least number of signs needed to be
effective. Ensure that every sign is necessary
and specific.
•
Use more signs in urban areas than in rural
areas.
•
Use more signs on night routes than on routes
primarily used during the day.
•
Use signs to inform drivers to follow the common
route when one road is used for two signed
routes. Use signs to inform drivers when the
routes diverge.
I-39. Conceal all the signs so that they are seen only
from the direction from which they are approached.
Route Classification and Signing System I-27
FM 3-19.4
There is no exact rule stating the distance from which a
sign should be visible. However, the distance should be
no greater than security allows and not less than is
reasonable for those receiving directions.
I-40. Carefully conceal illuminated signs. Ensure that
the light source is just strong enough to light the sign,
but not strong enough to be seen from the air. This
entails masking and covering the light sources. Consider
placing chemical light sticks on top of the signs.
I-41. Place temporary route signs where they will
provide warning and reaction time for the drivers. Do
not block existing civilian signs. Place warning panels at
convenient distances from where a route regulation
takes effect. This distance can be shown on the panel (for
example, BLACKOUT 500 METERS). In areas where
blackout drive is the rule and drivers are using night-
vision equipment, employ IR emitters on signs along
routes to help guide the units to their destination. Just
like any other light source, ensure that the IR emitters
cannot be seen from the air.
I-42. Place guide signs at road junctions to prevent
confusion. Put signs on both sides of the road if needed.
Place confirmation signs (Table I-3) 150 meters beyond the
critical road junctions to let drivers know that they are on
the correct route.
I-28 Route Classification and Signing System
FM 3-19.4
s
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Route Classification and Signing System I-29
FM 3-19.4
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I-30 Route Classification and Signing System
FM 3-19.4
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Route Classification and Signing System I-31
FM 3-19.4
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I-32 Route Classification and Signing System
FM 3-19.4
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Route Classification and Signing System I-33
FM 3-19.4
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I-34 Route Classification and Signing System
FM 3-19.4
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Route Classification and Signing System I-35
FM 3-19.4
I-43. Place detour signs next to general traffic signs to
identify the detour. Place the detour sign to the side (left
or right) of the general sign that corresponds to the new
direction to be taken.
I-44. Use signs to mark the entrance to a HQ or an
installation along with a halt sign or other regulatory
signs. Signs marking turnoffs and roads or tracks should
include a directional disk or a directional arrow. Place
signs to—
•
Indicate where vehicles leave a signed route to get
to the HQ or the installation.
•
Mark the road or track leading to the HQ or the
installation.
•
Mark the entrance to the HQ or the installation.
SIGNING FOR KEY POINTS ON ROUTES
I-45. Place countdown signs (Table I-3, page I-29) at the
beginning and end of a route. Clearly mark SPs and RPs
with the appropriate countdown signs. Feeder routes to
the SP may require signs to help the convoys find it.
I-46. Mark route detours with countdown signs showing
the distance to where the detour begins. The signs clearly
indicate the route to be detoured.
I-47. Place countdown signs so that they give clear
warning of the end of the detour. Mark the end of the
detour with a sign reading DETOUR END. Erect a
warning sign at the end of the detour to show how to
return to the original route.
I-48. Position detour signs ahead of time where terrain
will require a defile or the like. Position the signs off the
road, facedown on the ground. To implement the detour,
erect the signs.
NOTE: The point where a link route meets the
circuit is an ideal place for MP control. It is the
point where the circuit and the link route begin
and end.
I-36 Route Classification and Signing System
FM 3-19.4
I-49. Place signs at junctions of axial and lateral MSRs
from all four directions. Place countdown signs 300, 200,
and 100 meters before the junction.
I-50. To keep the number of signs to a minimum,
battalion-size and smaller groups use a directional sign.
The space for the military symbol may contain the UIN
or the unit map-marking symbol. Print the UIN or the
symbol so that it can be read when the arrow is vertical.
This allows the sign to be used as a disk direction.
I-51. Therefore, only one type of sign is needed for all
purposes. Put unit signs in place immediately before a
unit movement. Remove them as soon as possible after
the move.
MAIN SUPPLY ROUTE SIGNS
I-52. MSR signs identify MSRs by number, a pictorial
symbol, or a name. Names and pictures—
•
Are easier to identify and to remember than
numbers.
•
Prevent
confusion
with
link-route
signs
marking the routes of units having three-figure
identification numbers.
•
Prevent security compromises by removing the
chance use of an identification number already
used on a map overlay.
I-53. There are two types of MSRs, axial and lateral, in
a theater of operations. On the theater of operation's
traffic circulation plan—
•
Axial MSRs run to and from the forward edge of
the battle area (FEBA) and are identified by odd
numbers, like 87 or 215. Axial MSRs are shown
as solid lines on the traffic circulation plan
overlay. Axial routes are represented by a
pictorial symbol on the route sign and are
marked on the overlay as pictorial; for example,
Route Classification and Signing System I-37
FM 3-19.4
MSR CLUB (PIC). On axial MSRs, up is toward
the FEBA. It is shown on overlays and signs as a
plain arrow. Down is away from the FEBA. It is
shown as an arrow with a bar on the tail end.
•
Lateral MSRs run parallel to the FEBA and are
identified by even numbers, like 86 or 214.
Lateral MSRs are shown as broken lines on the
traffic circulation plan overlay. A named route
sign represents lateral routes. The names are
short, three- or four-letter words like fox, ant, or
hen. Up and down on lateral MSRs show only
ge n e r a l d i r e c ti on s of tr a v e l . T h e g en e r a l
direction shown by up or down varies with the
theater of operation and with the location of the
FEBA. Up is usually to the north or east; d own is
usually to the south or west. A plain arrow on an
overlay or sign indicates up; a barred arrow
shows down. To avoid confusion on lateral
MSRs, use the letters N, E, S, W, NE, SE, NW,
and SW on route signs to show the general
direction of movement.
This paragraph implements STANAG 2010.
I-54. Ensure that all route signs are large enough to be
read easily in poor light. Size is not specified, but—
•
Signs for international use cannot be less than
40 centimeters by 33 centimeters.
•
Bridge classification signs must conform to
STANAG 2010.
LINK ROUTE SIGNS
I-55. There is no set requirements for the design of link
route signs (Figure I-10). (Sometimes showing direction
with a white arrow on a black background is enough.) A
link route connects a unit or an activity to an MSR. A
departing convoy follows the link route signs to the
MSR. The convoy follows the MSR until guided off the
MSR by signs warning of the need to exit and again
I-38 Route Classification and Signing System
FM 3-19.4
follow link route signs until arriving at its destination.
That part of a traveled route coinciding with an MSR
will not have link route signs.
xx
Main
52
(222)
222
Link
222
end
route
SP
MSR key
end
RP
Link
222
route
SP
beginning
222
RP
or start
222
222
222
RP
222
SP
beginning
300 M
300 M
22
xx
2
52
2
MSR key
22
Main
(111)
Figure I-10. Link Route Signing
HEADQUARTERS AND INSTALLATION SIGNS
I-56. All signs must be used in HQ and parts of HQ,
down to battalion or equivalent level. Examples are—
•
Medical installations.
•
Water points.
•
Ammunition depots.
•
TCPs.
•
Decontamination stations.
•
Fuel installations.
This paragraph implements STANAG 1059.
Route Classification and Signing System I-39
FM 3-19.4
I-57. HQ and installation signs show the military
symbol for the HQ or the installation. For HQ at brigade
level and above, include the national distinguishing
letters given in STANAG 1059. The sizes of the sign and
the symbol are not standardized. The symbol and the
background must be clearly contrasting colors. The
actual colors used are left to the discretion of each
nation.
DIRECTIONAL SIGNS
I-58. A directional sign (Table I-3, page I-29) must be—
•
A white disk displaying a black directional
arrow accompanied by a route identification
number or name that can be mounted beneath
the disk.
•
A white disk mounted or superimposed on a
black rectangular board with the number or
name on the board above the disk.
I - 5 9 . D i r e c t i o n a l d i s k s c a n n o t b e l e s s t h a n 3 0
centimeters in diameter. Drill eight holes in the disks at
equal intervals around the circumference so that they
can be erected with the arrow pointing in the correct
direction.
I-60. Directional signs show directions for axial and
lateral routes on hastily prepared routes or very
temporary routes like detours. The initial sign shows the
use of disk directional signs and orders the drivers to
follow the disk direction.
I-61. An MSR may require hundreds of signs. Make the
signs in quantity without the black arrow. Stencil or
stick the arrows on later. The superimposed signs are
easiest to store and use. It is hard to secure the two
elements of the circular two-piece signs, and it is hard to
position that sign for display.
I-62. Use yellow instead of white for signs used during
prolonged snowfall conditions or for signs permanently
erected where there can be prolonged snowfalls.
I-40 Route Classification and Signing System
FM 3-19.4
PORTABLE SIGN-MAKING KIT
I-63. The new portable sign-making kit (national stock
number [NSN] 9905-01-478-3723) is lightweight and
simple to use and contains tools and materials that,
when used in conjunction with vehicle BII and locally
available materials, produce temporary signs in support
of MP operations. Since the kit is not fully self-
contained, the user must plan ahead. The new, lighter
kit gives MP units the ability to pack according to the
METT-TC. Even though a significant difference exists
between signs made with the kit and specifications in
STANAGs (STANAG route signs generally have a black
background with white letters, and the kit’s sign
background material is white), it does not differ from the
kit it replaces. The soft-sided sign kit comes with white
plastic bags that can be used to make signs up to 21
inches wide by 23 inches high. Figure I-11, shows a
s a m p l e si g n ; a n d T a b l e I - 4, p a g e I - 4 2 , s h o w s a component listing for sign making.
Reflective tape
Tape tabs for use as
strip (1" x 6")
fasteners (extend 1 1/2"
above and below the
front edge of the sign)
_
>3"
>16
_
"
Tape border (3/4" to 1" wide
on the front edge of the sign)
Figure I-11. Sample Sign
Route Classification and Signing System I-41
FM 3-19.4
Table I-4. Component Listing
Tools
NSN
Tool bag
5140-01-481-4460
Carpenter’s hammer
5120-01-112-8350
Utility knife
5110-00-892-5071
Replacement blades
5110-00-293-2865
Linemans tool
5120-00-293-3485
Blacksmith’s/engi-
5120-00-900-6103
neer’s hammer (3 lb)
Nested saw set
5110-00-293-0090
Staple gun
5120-00-889-1796
Fasteners
NSN
One pound of 1.75"
5315-00-543-3023
steel screw-shank
nails (concrete)
Five pounds of 3.5"
5315-00-753-3885
(10-12d) common
nails
One-half pound of 1.5" 5315-01-381-9609
steel barbed-shank
nails (roofing)
Tape, pressure
7510-00-074-5124
sensitive (2" x 160',
100 miles an hour)
Staples, 1/2", box of
5315-00-889-2605
5,000
Cable ties, pkg of 100 5975-00-156-3253
Wire, nonelectrical,
9505-00-293-4208
1-lb roll
I-42 Route Classification and Signing System
FM 3-19.4
Table I-4. Component Listing (Continued)
Marking Materials
NSN
Black tube-type poster 7520-01-336-2856
markers (2 each)
Red tube-type poster
7520-01-336-2857
marker
Blue tube-type poster
7520-01-336-2858
marker
Bags, white plastic,
8105-01-481-4225
trash, 8 gal, roll/box of
20 to 30 (2 each)
Reflective tape (white
9390-00-949-8044
1" x 150')
Ribbon, flagging,
9905-00-194-9703
surveyors (arctic-glo
pink)
Route Classification and Signing System I-43
Appendix J
Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense
The technology to produce and deliver chemical
and biological agents and weapons of mass
destruction is widely available. This technology
provides military and nonmilitary leaders in
unstable regions with a means to deter more
technically advanced nations. Weapons of mass
destruction can radically change the flow of
battle, shift the balance of combat power, and
place a superior force at risk. Areas targeted
with these weapons may remain hazardous for
days, even weeks after an attack. Additionally,
nuclear reactor and chemical production facility
accidents or sabotage can release radiological or
chemical contaminants that can threaten
friendly forces and military operations.
OVERVIEW
J-1. Enemy forces may threaten sustainment areas to
seize and maintain the initiative, while degrading or
eliminating a unit’s flexibility and capability to support
operations. Sustainment area activities are lucrative
targets for enemy NBC attacks. Attacking sustainment
nodes weakens the main battle area's force effectiveness
without adversely affecting an enemy’s immediate
maneuver. To achieve these aims, threat activities in
sustainment areas target key critical support and
logistic facilities. These facilities include—
•
Special-weapons
storage
sites
and
delivery
systems.
Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense J-1
FM 3-19.4
•
C2 facilities.
•
Air defense artillery sites.
•
Air bases.
•
Seaports.
•
MSRs.
HAZARD DETECTION AND REPORTING
J-2. The best units to perform NBC reconnaissance are
those units with the M93 NBC Reconnaissance System
( F O X ) . P l a n n e r s c o n s i d e r t h e d i s a d v a n t a g e s o f
c on du c ti ng N B C r ec on na i s sa n c e w i th H MM WV -
equipped units. The disadvantages of using a HMMWV
include the following:
•
The crew conducts operations in MOPP 4 while
in contamination.
•
The
vehicle
stops
to
conduct
survey
and
detection.
•
The vehicle has difficulty keeping up with the
maneuver force over rugged terrain.
•
The readings obtained using an M256A1 kit,
detector paper, and a chemical agent monitor
(CAM) are not as reliable as readings from the
M93 (FOX).
J-3. Plan ner s use the IPB an d the METT-TC to
determine the type of NBC reconnaissance technique
and the type of equipment to be used for the NBC
reconnaissance.
J-4. Early detection of NBC hazards is required for
timely warning of units and personnel in the affected
areas. NBC reconnaissance is an active contamination
avoidance measure that provides commanders with
information on NBC hazards in an AO.
J-5. NBC reconnaissance contributes to the overall
intelligence collection effort and consists of the following
J-2 Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense
FM 3-19.4
five critical tasks: detecting, identifying, marking,
reporting, and sampling. The four types of NB C
reconnaissance include search, survey, sample, and
surveillance.
J-6. MP may be tasked to conduct NBC reconnaissance
while conducting other reconnaissance operations. They
are equipped to detect and identify radiological and
chemical hazards, mark the contaminated area, and
report the hazard. They are not equipped to collect or
handle samples.
J-7. NBC surveillance activities are planned to support
the intelligence collection effort. MP conduct NBC
surveillance by monitoring MSRs, critical facilities, and
key terrain. They employ NBC detector equipment and
measures that include the following:
•
M8A1 automatic chemical agent alarm system.
•
AN/VDR-2 RADIAC set.
•
CAM.
•
Visual observation for unexplained artillery or
spray.
•
M256A1, M8, and M9 paper.
J-8. If MP observe the indications of an NBC attack,
they may be ordered to conduct an NBC survey to define
the boundaries of the contamination, locate and mark
clean bypass routes, and occupy OPs to observe the
designated area. MP conduct an NBC survey, on order,
t o o b t a i n d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g a
contaminated area, including the location of the general
boundaries of the contaminated area and the intensity of
the contamination (nuclear) or the type of agent
(chemical).
J-9. MP locate the boundaries and place warning
markers around the contaminated area at all the entry
points. They report information using an NBC 4 report
and inform the road users of the contaminated area, and
Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense J-3
FM 3-19.4
direct the traffic to alternate routes to avoid the
contaminated area.
J - 1 0 .
A t a l l e c h e l o n s , M P p r o v i d e c o n t i n u o u s
information to higher HQ using NBC 1 and NBC 4
reports (Figure J-1). These report formats provide a
rapid means of disseminating information. Use the NBC
1 report to record the initial use and subsequent data
concerning enemy NBC attacks. The initial NBC 1
report precedence is flash and all others are immediate.
Table J-1, pages J-6 through J-10, gives an explanation
of the various lines in an NBC report.
J-11. Use the NBC 4 report for radiation dose rate
measurements. Usually, the unit submits two reports—
one on initial contact and another for peak dose rate.
Measure radiation dose rates in the open, 1 meter above
the ground. If radiation dose rates are taken inside a
vehicle or a shelter, at least one outside reading is
necessary to determine the correlation factor. Other
items of the report are optional. Refer to FM 3-3 for more
information about NBC reports.
J-12. As MP move throughout an AO, they monitor for
the presence of an NBC hazard, mark contaminated
areas, send NBC reports through operational channels,
and direct traffic around or through hazards to ensure
that the troops and the supplies get where they are
needed on the battlefield.
CONTAMINATION MARKING
J -1 3. Mar k con ta m in a ti on so th a t u nsusp ecti ng
personnel will not be exposed to it. When detecting or
suspecting NBC hazards, mark all likely entry points
into the area and report the contamination to higher
HQ. The only exception to this policy occurs when
m a r ki n g t h e a r e a w o u l d h el p th e e n e m y . I f th e
commander makes this exception, report the hazard to
protect friendly units.
J-4 Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense
FM 3-19.4
NBC 1 Report
(Observer's Report)
NBC 1
NBC 1
NBC 1
(Nuclear) Report
(Biological) Report
(Chemical) Report
B. NB062634
B. LB206300
B. LB200300
C. 90-degree grid
D. 200410Z
D. 201405Z
D. 201405Z
E. 200414Z
E. 201412Z
G. Aircraft
F. LB206300, actual
F. LB206300,
estimated
H. Surface
G. Aerial spray
G. Bomblets
J. 60
H. Unknown
H. Nerve
L.15 degrees
V. Airburst
NOTE: Line items B, D, H, and either C or F should always be
reported. Use other line items if the information is known.
NBC 4 Report
(Reconnaissance, Monitoring, and Survey Results)
NBC 4
NBC 4
(Nuclear) Report
(Chemical) Report
Q. LB123987
H. Nerve V
R. 35
Q. LP200300, liquid
S. 201535Z
S. 170610Z
NOTES:
1. Line items H, Q, R, and S may be repeated as often as necessary.
2. In line R, descriptive words, such as initial, peak, increasing,
decreasing, special, series, verification, or sumary may be added.
Figure J-1. Example of NBC 1 and NBC 4 Reports
Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense J-5
FM 3-19.4
Table J-1. Explanation of Line Items in NBC Report
Chemical and
Line
Nuclear
Remarks
Biological
A
Strike serial
Strike serial number
Assigned by the NBC
number
center
B
Position of the
Position of the
Grid coordinates
observer
observer
(universal transverse
mercator [UTM] or
place).
C
Direction of the
Direction of the
Nuclear: Use degrees
attack from the
attack from the
magnetic north (DGM),
observer, to
observer
degrees true north
include the unit
(DGT), degrees grid
of measure
north (DGG), mils
magnetic north (MLM),
mils true north (MLT), or
mils grid north (MLG)
Chemical: Measure
clockwise from the grid
or magnetic north (in
degrees or mils)
D
DTG of
DTG for the start of
Nuclear: Use Zulu time.
detonation
the attack
Chemical: Designate
time zone used.
E
NA
DTG of the end of
Designate time zone
the attack
used.
F
Location of the
Location of the area
Use grid coordinates (or
area attacked
attacked
place). State whether
the location is actual or
estimated.
G
Suspected or
Kind of attack
State whether the attack
observed event
was by artillery, mortars,
and the means
rockets, missiles,
of delivery or
bombs, or spray.
kind of attack
J-6 Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense
FM 3-19.4
Table J-1. Explanation of Line Items in NBC Report (Continued)
Chemical and
Line
Nuclear
Remarks
Biological
H
Type of burst
Type of agent and
Nuclear: Specify air,
type of burst
surface, or subsurface.
Chemical: State whether
P = persistent
by air, ground, or spray
NP = nonpersistent
attack.
I
NA
Number of
If known.
munitions or aircraft
J
Flash-to-bang
NA
Use seconds.
time
K
Crater present
Description of
Nuclear: Sent in meters.
or absent and
terrain and
Chemical: Sent in
the diameter
vegetation
NBC 6.
L
Cloud width at
NA
State whether measured
H+5 minutes
in degrees or mils.
M
Stabilized cloud
NA
Nuclear: State whether
top or cloud
the angle is cloud top or
bottom angle or
cloud bottom and
cloud top or
whether it is measured
bottom height at
in degrees or mils.
H+10 minutes
Chemical: State whether
the height is cloud top or
cloud bottom and
whether it is measured
in meters or feet.
N
Estimated yield
NA
Sent as kilotons.
O
Reference DTG
NA
Use when the contours
for estimated
are not plotted at H+1.
contour line not
H+1
P
For radar
NA
None
purposes only
Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense J-7
FM 3-19.4
Table J-1. Explanation of Line Items in NBC Report (Continued)
Chemical and
Line
Nuclear
Remarks
Biological
PA
NA
Predicted hazard
If the wind speed is 10
area (coordinates)
kilometers per hour or
less, this item is 010
(the radius of the hazard
area in kilometers).
PAR
Coordinates of
NA
Six-digit coordinates.
external
Letter R identifies
contours of the
RADAR set.
radioactive
cloud
PB
NA
Duration of the
State in days, hours,
hazard in the attack
minutes, and so forth
and hazard area
PBR
Downwind
NA
DGM, MLM, DGT, MLT,
direction of the
DGG, or MLG. The letter
radioactive
R identifies a RADAR
cloud and the
set.
unit of measure
Q
Location of the
Location of the
Nuclear: UTM or the
reading
sampling and the
place.
type of sample
Chemical: UTM or the
place. State whether the
test was air or liquid.
R
Dose rate or
NA
State the dose rate in
actual value of
centigray per hour
decay exponent
(cGyph).
S
DTG of the
DTG contamination
State the time of the
reading
detected
initial identification test
sample or when the
reading was taken.
J-8 Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense
FM 3-19.4
Table J-1. Explanation of Line Items in NBC Report (Continued)
Chemical and
Line
Nuclear
Remarks
Biological
T
H+1 DTG
DTG of the latest
NBC 5 and NBC 6
contamination
reports only.
survey of the area
U
1,000-cGyph
NA
Plot in red.
contour line
V
300-cGyph
NA
Plot in green.
contour line
W
100-cGyph
NA
Plot in blue.
contour line
X
20-cGyph
Area of actual
Nuclear: Plot in black.
contour line (30
contamination
Chemical: Plot in yellow.
cGyph contour
line is used by
other NATO
forces)
Y
Direction of the
Downwind direction
Nuclear: Direction
left and right
of the hazard and
measured clockwise
radical lines
the wind speed
from grid north (GN) to
the left and then right
radial lines (degrees or
mils, state which), four
digits each.
Chemical: Direction is
four digits (degrees or
mils) and the wind
speed is three digits
(kilometers per hour).
Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense J-9
FM 3-19.4
Table J-1. Explanation of Line Items in NBC Report (Continued)
Chemical and
Line
Nuclear
Remarks
Biological
Z
Effective wind
NA
Three digits—effective
speed
wind speed (kilometers
Downwind
per hour)
distance of Zone
Three digits—downwind
1
distance of Zone 1
(kilometers or nautical
Cloud radius
miles)
Unit of measure
Two digits—cloud radius
for each
(kilometers or nautical
category
miles) (the wind speed
is less than 8 kilometers
per hour, this line
contains only a three-
digit radius of Zone 1
[kilometers])
ZA
NA
Significant weather
Air stability: Two digits
phenomena
Temperature in
centigrade: Two digits
Humidity: One digit
Significant weather
phenomena: One digit
Cloud cover: One digit
ZB
Used to transmit
Remarks for
Include any additional
correlation
additional chemical
information.
factors or
and biological
transmission
attacks only.
factors
PROCEDURES FOR MARKING
J-14. Face markers away from the contamination. For
example, if markers are placed 50 meters from the
J-10 Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense
FM 3-19.4
o u t s i d e e d g e o f a c o n t a m i n a t e d a r e a t o m a r k a
radiological hot spot, they face away from the point of
the highest contamination reading. Place markers at
roads, trails, and other likely points of entry. When time
and mission permit, use additional markers. The
distance between the signs varies. In open terrain, place
them farther apart than in hilly or wooded areas.
Soldiers should be able to stand in front of a marker and
see the markers to the left and right of it.
J-15. Units discovering a marked, contaminated area do
not have to conduct elaborate, time-consuming surveys.
The new unit checks the extent of the contamination and
alters its plans if necessary. If the size of the hazard has
expanded or decreased, relocate the signs. If the hazard
is gone, remove the signs and report changes to higher
HQ.
TYPES OF MARKERS
J-16. US forces use standard NATO markers to make it
easier for allies to recognize the hazards. These markers
are in the standard NBC marking set. Colors and
inscriptions on a marker indicate the type of hazard.
Other contamination information is written on the front
of the sign.
RADIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION DETECTION
AND MONITORING
J-17. Conduct radiological monitoring using an AN/
VDR2, and start on the order of the commander or as set
b y t h e S O P . M a r k t h e a r e a w i t h r a d i o l o g i c a l
contamination markers. Report radiation dose rates and
the times and locations of the readings to higher HQ
using th e NB C 4 n uclear r epor t. A l l u nits start
continuous monitoring when–
•
Moving from one area to another on the
battlefield.
Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense J-11
FM 3-19.4
•
Getting a fallout warning.
•
Knowing that a nuclear burst was reported,
seen, or heard.
•
Detecting radiation of 1 centigray per hour by
periodic monitoring.
•
Being ordered by the unit commander.
J-18. Continuous monitoring stops on order from the
higher HQ or when the dose rate falls below 1 centigray
per hour, except for units on the move.
TECHNIQUES FOR MONITORING
J-19. Use both direct and indirect techniques when
conducting radiological monitoring. Refer to FM 3-3 for
more information on radiological monitoring.
Direct Monitoring
J-20. The direct technique is the simplest and the most
precise. The soldier must—
•
Stand at the desired location.
•
Hold the RADIAC meter waist high and turn it
slowly 360 degrees. Refer to TM 11-6665-251-10.
•
Record the highest reading on DA Form 1971-R.
•
Take the reading in the open, at least 10 meters
from buildings or large structures, if possible.
Indirect Monitoring
J-21. Use the indirect technique inside shelters or
vehicles. The soldier must—
•
Stand at the center of the shelter.
•
Hold the RADIAC meter 1 meter above the floor
and slowly rotate it 360 degrees.
•
Record the highest reading.
•
Take all readings from one selected position
when monitoring from inside a vehicle or
shelter.
J-12 Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense
FM 3-19.4
SURVEY TEAM
J-22. MP may be tasked to perform as part of a survey
team. When essential contamination information cannot
be obtained from monitoring reports, a radiological
survey may be required. Radiological surveys are
directed efforts to learn the extent and intensity of
radiological contamination. A survey requires a control
team and one or more survey teams. The HQ directing
the survey usually provides the control team. In a team
assigned to a survey—
•
The team leader monitors the RADIAC meter
and provides C2.
•
The driver operates the vehicle.
•
The gunner provides security.
J-23. The control team instructs the survey teams on
what to do. The MP team leader ensures that each team
member receives the following information from the
control team:
•
Purpose. The survey determines the presence
and the level of fallout or induced radiation near
ground zero, in a specific area, along a route, at a
specific location, or any combination of these.
•
Start and finish times. The times during which a
survey will be conducted.
•
Survey execution. The route to be followed and
the locations where readings are to be made or
the distances needed between the readings are
given.
•
Radiation safety precautions. The control team
tells the survey team the turn-back dose. The
dose rate is monitored on the AN/VDR2. If the
turn-back dose rate is reached as the survey
team travels forward, the team immediately
leaves the fallout area by the same route used to
enter it, unless instructed otherwise. If the dose
rate decreases as the survey team moves ahead,
the team continues to perform its mission.
Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense J-13
FM 3-19.4
•
Recording limitations. The survey team will not
convert inside readings to outside readings.
Record readings in the dose rate column only.
•
Communications. The method and times to be
used to communicate survey data to the chain of
command.
•
Special instructions. Any special instructions for
marking the contaminated areas or special
security precautions.
CHEMICAL AGENT DETECTION
J-24. During routine operati ons, MP may detect
chemical agents while making periodic checks for
contamination. Or as previously discussed, teams may
be tasked to conduct a chemical reconnaissance along an
MSR or in a given area after an enemy attack. Some
chemical agents are odorless, colorless, tasteless, and
invisible. Teams must use chemical agent detection
equipment and materials to be certain that all chemical
agents are detected.
PREPARATION
J-25. When assigned a mission or a task to locate and
mark a suspected contaminated area, MP leaders must
ensure that they prepare properly for the mission.
Preparation for any NBC reconnaissance mission begins
with the inspection of personnel and equipment. As a
m i n i m u m , e a c h s q u a d m u s t h a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g
equipment on hand:
•
M8 paper.
•
M9 paper.
•
M256 and M256A1 detector kits.
•
M8A1 alarm.
•
CAM.
•
Marking kit.
•
M13 decontamination apparatus (DAP).
J-14 Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense
FM 3-19.4
•
M291 decontamination kit.
•
MOPP gear.
•
Mark 1 nerve agent auto injector kit (NAAK).
•
VS-17 marking panels.
J-26. In addition to ensuring that the proper equipment
is on hand, leaders must ensure that alarms and paper
are properly mounted and functional and that all
external equipment is stowed. The platoon leader
includes a rehearsal of NBC reconnaissance techniques
when preparing the mission. The platoon l eader
coordinates with the unit chemical officer for any special
instructions, ensuring that thorough decontamination
support is available at the conclusion of the mission.
RECONNAISSANCE
J-27. When detecting for chemical contamination
during NBC reconnaissance, the MP leader—
•
Ensures that all members of the party wear
MOPP 4 w ith M9 pap er attach ed to th eir
protective clothing and vehicle.
•
Drives along the route until the chemical agent
alarm sounds. By the time the alarm sounds, the
team may be some distance from where the
agent was first encountered. Keep this in mind
when selecting the area to be searched.
•
Gives special attention to shell craters, low-lying
patches of woods, defiles, ravines, streambeds,
a n d a r e a s c o v e r e d w i t h h i g h g r a s s o r
underbrush.
•
Has one MP remain in each vehicle to provide
security and to monitor the radio.
•
Has other patrol members dismount and check
for contaminants.
•
Ensures that one person uses M8 detector paper
on the tip of a stick.
Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense J-15
FM 3-19.4
•
Ensures that one person operates the M256 chemical
agent detector kit. (Refer to TM 3-6665-307-10 for
detailed operating instructions for the M256, and
refer to FM 3-6 for more information.)
J-28. When MP find chemical contamination, they mark
the area with NBC markers. They service the automatic
chemical agent alarm to ready it for further operation.
MP must be outside the contaminated area when the
alarm is serviced. TM 3-6665-312-12&P provides
instructions for operators and organizational personnel.
M P r e m o u n t t h e v e h i c l e s a n d c o n t i n u e t h e
reconnaissance. While moving, they send an NBC 4
report by radio and follow this procedure each time a
c h e m i c a l a g e n t i s d e t e c t e d . T h e g o a l o f t h e
reconnaissance is to define the contaminated area only
to the degree necessary to provide friendly forces with
the information needed to avoid the area.
BIOLOGICAL AGENT DETECTION
J-29. For warning of biological attacks or contamination
outside a unit's immediate area, the unit relies on
warnings relayed through its chain of command from
division level or higher units. MP help provide warning
of biological hazards by their reports of area activity
p a s s e d o n f r o m t h e i r r o u t e , z o n e , a n d a r e a
reconnaissance.
J-30. Be alert to any sign that biological agents are being
used. Promptly report any unusual occurrences of sickness
in troops or civilians. Report any unusual actions of
animals, birds, or large numbers of dead animals or birds
not likely to have been caused by combat. Observe the
types of weapons and munitions used during attacks.
Compare them to the known characteristics of enemy
biological attacks. Refer to FM 3-3 for detailed information
on biological agent detection, identification, and defense.
J-31. Biological attacks are most likely to occur at night
or during extended twilight to avoid toxin exposure to
J-16 Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense
FM 3-19.4
direct sunlight. (Direct sunlight degrades biological
agents.) Cloudy and foggy days are also favorable for the
use of biological agents.
J-32 . Watch for the fol lowing indic ations that a
biological attack has occurred:
•
A
low-flying
aircraft
that
appears
to
be
producing a mist or a spray.
•
The use of any type of spray device.
•
The use of ammunition that does not seem to
have any immediate effect, such as a bomblet.
•
Unusual types of bomblets.
•
Insect swarms that suddenly appear after an
aircraft drops containers that do not seem to
have any immediate effects.
SELF-DEFENSE MEASURES
J-33. MP not only provide early warning for units in the
sustainment area, but they also employ NBC defense
measures to protect their own forces. NBC defense is a
balance of the following three principles:
•
Avoidance.
•
Protection.
•
Decontamination.
AVOIDANCE
J-34. Avoiding NBC attacks and hazards is the key to
N B C d e f e n s e . A v o i d i n g c o n t a m i n a t i o n i n v o l v e s
bypassing contaminated areas and avoiding detection by
the enemy. If forces avoid detection, they are less likely
to be targeted for attack and will not need to apply
protection and decontamination. FM 3-3 provides
de t a i l e d g u i d a n c e o n co n d uc t i n g c o n t a m i na ti o n
avoidance procedures.
J-35. NBC contamination avoidance is especially critical
for light forces. Leaders conduct risk assessments to
Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense J-17
FM 3-19.4
determine what protective measures they will direct.
Refer to FM 3-4 for detailed information on conducting a
risk assessment.
PROTECTION
J-36. A unit may become contaminated because of direct
NBC attack or because the mission causes them to enter
a contaminated area. In either case, NBC protection is
an integral part of operations. Avoidance and protection
are closely related. Techniques that work for avoidance
also provide protection. There are four broad groups of
activity that comprise protective measures and include
the following:
•
Hardening positions and protecting personnel.
•
Assuming MOPP.
•
Reacting to attack.
•
Using collective protection.
J - 3 7 . R e f e r t o F M 3 - 4 f o r d e t a i l e d g u i d a n c e o n
conducting NBC protective procedures.
DECONTAMINATION
J-38. The extent and timing of decontamination depend
on the tactical situation, the mission, the degree, the
type of contamination, and the resources available.
Refer to FM 3-5 for detailed guidance on conducting
decontamination operations.
J-39. The primary purpose of decontamination is to stop
erosion of combat power and to reduce the number of
casualties. Combat power drops as soon as personnel
don MOPP gear. The mask restricts the field of vision
and reduces observation and target acquisition ability.
Communication is more difficult. Mobility is reduced
because personnel reduce their physical work rate to
a v o i d h e a t s t r e s s . T h e l o n g e r a u n i t r e m a i n s
contaminated, the greater the chance of NBC casualties.
The three levels of decontamination are immediate,
operational, and thorough.
J-18 Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense
FM 3-19.4
Immediate Decontamination
J-40. Immediate decontamination is a basic soldier
survival skill carried out by soldiers as soon as possible
after they discover they are contaminated. Its basic
purposes are to minimize casualties, save lives, and
limit the further spread of contamination. Personnel
treat any contact between chemical or biological agents
and bare skin as an emergency. Some agents can kill if
they remain on the skin for longer than a minute. The
best technique for removing or neutralizing these agents
is to use the M291 skin decontamination kit. Leaders
must ensure that their soldiers are trained to execute
this technique automatically, without waiting for orders.
J-41. Begin personal wipe down within 15 minutes of
contamination. The wipe down removes or neutralizes
contamination on the hood, mask, gloves, and personal
weapon. For chemical and biological contamination, use
m i t t s f r o m t h e M 2 9 5 i n d i v i d u a l e q u i p m e n t
d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n k i t ( I E D K ) . F o r r a d i o l o g i c a l
contamination, wipe off the contamination with a cloth
or simply brush or shake it away.
J-42. Begin the operator’s spray down of the equipment
immediately after completing the personal wipe down.
The spray down removes or neutralizes contamination
on the surfaces that operators must touch frequently to
perform their mission. For chemical and biological
c o n t a m i n a t i o n , u s e o n - b o a r d d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n
apparatuses, such as the M11, the M13, or the M295
IEDK to decontaminate surfaces where DS2 cannot be
applied.
NOTE: Wash decontamination solution number 2
(DS2) off surfaces no more than 30 minutes after
application. If necessary, use 5-gallon water cans
or other water sources to assist in removing DS2.
J-43. For radiological contamination, brush or scrape
away the contamination with whatever is at hand or
flush it with water and wipe it away.
Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense J-19
FM 3-19.4
Operational Decontamination
J-44. Operational decontamination allows a force to
continue fighting and sustain its mission after being
contaminated. It limits the hazard of transferring
c o n t a m i n a t i o n b y r e m o v i n g m o s t o f t h e g r o s s
co n t a m i n a t i o n on e q u i p me n t a n d n e a r l y a l l t h e
contamination on soldiers. This speeds the weathering
process and allows clean areas (people, equipment, and
t e r r a i n ) t o s t a y c l e a n . F o l l o w i n g o p e r a t i o n a l
decontamination, soldiers who have removed sources of
vapor contamination from their clothing and equipment
unmask temporarily in hazard-free areas to eat, drink,
and rest.
J-45. Accomplish operational decontamination using the
assets of the parent unit. Make use of the following
decontamination techniques:
•
Vehicle wash down.
•
MOPP gear exchange.
J-46. Conduct these procedures at the same time. They
are b est per formed at squad level. V ehic les a nd
personnel that are not contaminated should not go
through either technique. Conduct vehicle wash down as
far forward as possible. It is normally performed using
the power-driven decontamination equipment (PDDE)
crew with assistance from the squad decontamination
crew. It is most effective if started within 1 hour after
contamination.
J-47. The two steps in vehicle wash down are as follows:
Step 1. Button up the vehicle and secure the
equipment.
Step 2. Wash down the vehicle and the equipment
with hot, soapy water for 2 to 3 minutes.
J-48. Because speed is important, do not check vehicles
for contamination after vehicle wash down. Remove only
gross contamination.
J-20 Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense
FM 3-19.4
Thorough Decontamination
J-49. Thorough decontamination reduces contamination
to negligible risk levels. It restores combat power by
removing nearly all contamination from the unit and
individual equipment. This allows troops to operate
equipment safely for extended periods at reduced MOPP
levels. A contaminated unit conducts detailed troop
decontamination (DTD) under the supervision of the
chemical unit. Ordinarily, the chemical unit selects a site,
s e ts i t u p , a n d p e r f o r m s th e d e ta i l e d e q u i p m en t
decontamination (DE D) with assistance from the
c o n t a m i n a t e d u n i t . A s m a l l r i s k f r o m r e s i d u a l
contamination remains, so make periodic contamination
checks after this operation.
J-50. Conduct thorough decontamination as part of an
extensive reconstitution effort in brigade, division, and
corps support areas. Support sites at lower levels cannot
provide the quantities of decontamination resources
(water, decontaminants, and time) required for such an
extensive process. In some cases, a contaminated unit
could conduct a thorough decontamination operation with
organic decontamination assets, but support from a
chemical unit is usually required.
J-51. After thorough decontamination, the unit moves
into an adjacent AA for reconstitution. Support elements
from the brigade, division, or corps support areas
replenish combat stocks, refit equipment, and replace
personnel and equipment. The newly reconstituted unit
leaves the AA fully operational and fit to return to battle.
J-52. Thorough decontamination does the best job of
getting rid of contamination and its hazards, but it is
often not possible. It requires large quantities of valuable
resources that may not be immediately available. The
next best solution is to decontaminate only what is
necessary to sustain the force and continue to fight.
Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense J-21
FM 3-19.4
MILITARY POLICE LEADERS' RESPONSIBILITIES
J-53. MP leaders ensure that all soldiers understand
the concepts of NBC defense and the skills necessary to
survive an attack. Individual NBC skills include–
•
Recognizing hazards and taking cover.
•
Using protective measures and MOPP gear.
•
Knowing avoidance measures, first aid, and
decontamination.
J-54. MP commanders also designate and train special-purpose
teams. These special-purpose NBC teams include the following:
•
Chemical agent detection teams.
•
Radiological survey and monitoring teams.
•
Decontamination teams.
J-55. To assist with NBC defense, MP commanders rely
on the unit NBC officer and the NBC NCO. They—
•
Provide technical assistance to the commander
on NBC defense training and operations.
•
Coordinate unit NBC defense activities.
•
Give NBC defense instructions to achieve basic
operating standards of proficiency for the unit
and individuals.
•
Plan
and
supervise
NBC defense training
aspects of operational training exercises and
maneuver.
•
Supervise the preparation of unit NBC defense
SOPs.
•
Supervise the operation and maintenance of
NBC material.
•
Determine by dosimetry or calculation (as
appropriate) the total dose of radiation and the
time spent in radiologically contaminated areas
to avoid exceeding command exposure guidance.
•
Prepare fallout prediction patterns.
J-22 Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense
FM 3-19.4
•
Plan
NBC
reconnaissance
and
advise
commanders on the best routes to cross or by-
pass an NBC contaminated area.
•
Plan and coordinate decontamination within the
unit.
•
Maintain
records
of
the
unit's
radiation
exposure.
•
Estimate
downwind
hazards
for
chemical
attacks.
•
Report NBC data to the next higher HQs.
•
Analyze the unit’s vulnerability to an NBC
attack.
•
Evaluate individual and unit competence in
NBC defense, and advise the commander on the
unit’s ability to survive and continue operations
in an NBC environment.
•
Advise the commander on all matters pertaining
to unit NBC defense.
MISSION-ORIENTED PROTECTION
POSTURE LEVELS, ALARMS, AND SIGNALS
J-56. Soldiers on the integrated battlefield face a
c o m b i n a t i o n o f N B C a n d c o n v e n t i o n a l a t t a c k s .
Individual and unit protection against chemical attack
or contamination hinges on effective use of MOPP gear
and on individual proficiency in basic NBC skills. All MP
must be familiar with the standard MOPP levels shown
in Figure J-2, page J-24, and Table J-2, page J-25.
J-57. When an NBC attack is recognized, every soldier
receives the warning and assumes the appropriate
MOPP level. Those in immediate danger need warnings
they can see or hear. The alarm or signal must be simple
and unmistakable for quick and correct reaction. Units
not immediately affected need the information to
prepare for the hazard or to change plans.
Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense J-23
FM 3-19.4
MOPP
MOPP
MOPP
MOPP
MOPP
MOPP
Mask
ready
zero
1
2
3
4
only
Figure J-2. Illustrated MOPP Levels
J-58. Mark the contaminated area if an NBC hazard
has been located. The NBC Warning and Reporting
System (NBCWRS) and the contamination markers
contribute to the warning procedures for follow-on
forces. In the immediate area of contamination, several
methods (or a combination of methods) will allow quick
reaction by all platoon members.
J-59. These methods include vocal alarms (shout of
GAS), the M8A1 alarm, nonvocal alarms (horn blast or
banging of metal-to-metal objects), and visual alarms
(most commonly, hand-and-arm signals). The tactical
situation may not allow for audible alarms; therefore,
the platoon SOP should clearly detail the visual signals
for contamination.
BIOLOGICAL DEFENSE
J-60. The key protective measure against a biological
attack is maintaining a high order of health, personal
J-24 Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense
FM 3-19.4
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Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense J-25
FM 3-19.4
hygiene, and sanitation discipline. Biological attacks are
hard to detect. If an attack occurs, chances of survival
are better if soldiers are healthy, physically fit, keep all
immunizations up to date, and maintain good personal
hygiene. Keep your body clean to prevent ingestion of
biological agents. Keep small cuts or scratches covered
and germ-free by using soap, water, and first aid
measures. Since insects carry biological agents, keep
clothes buttoned and your skin covered to prevent insect
bites.
NUCLEAR ATTACK DEFENSE
J-61. MP can defend themselves against nuclear attack
before, during, and after the event.
DEFENSE BEFORE A NUCLEAR ATTACK
J-62. The best defense against a nuclear attack is to dig
in. Prepare unit defensive positions, which vary from
individual foxholes to improved positions, whenever the
tactical situation permits. Keep individual weapons,
equipment, clothing, and other issue items in vehicles.
Secure equipment because the blast wave will convert
unsecured items into lethal missiles. Disperse and
protect supplies, explosives, and flammable materials.
Turn off all electronic equipment and remove antennas
from vehicles.
J-63. Reverse slopes of hills and mountains give some
nuclear protection. The initial radiation, heat, and light
from the fireball of a nuclear blast tend to be absorbed
by hills and mountains. Using of gullies, ravines,
ditches, natural depressions, fallen trees, and caves can
reduce nuclear casualties.
DEFENSE DURING A NUCLEAR ATTACK
J -6 4 . D e f e n s e d u ri n g a n u c l e a r a t t a c k i s e i t he r
dismounted or mounted. When taking dismounted
J-26 Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense
FM 3-19.4
defensive actions, never run for cover. Immediately drop
flat on the ground (face down) or to the bottom of a
foxhole, with your head toward the blast. Cover exposed
skin as much as possible and close your eyes. Remain
down until the blast wave has passed and debris has
stopped falling. Stay calm, check for injury, check
weapons and equipment for damage, and prepare to
continue the mission.
J-65. MP in vehicles should exit and move away from
the vehicle and take dismounted defensive actions.
DEFENSE AFTER A NUCLEAR ATTACK
J-66. Once the attack ends, forward an NBC 1 nuclear
r epo r t , or ga n i z e s ur vi v or s, s ec ur e a nd o rg a ni z e
equipment, assist casualties, improve protection against
possible fallout, and begin continuous monitoring. If the
radiation dose rate reaches a hazardous level after
fallout is complete, be prepared to move, on order, to a
less hazardous area.
Fallout Warning
J-67. The first person to detect the arrival of fallout is
usually the radiological monitor operating a RADIAC
meter. As soon as he notes a dose rate of 1 centigray per
hour or higher, he warns unit personnel. All personnel
hearing the warning relay it to others. If the mission
allows, move into a shelter with overhead cover and stay
there until given an all clear signal or until directed to
move. If the mission does not allow the unit to take
cover, decontamination becomes more important and
perhaps more difficult.
Supervision of Radiological Monitoring
J-68. Perform radiological monitoring routinely with a
AN/VDR-2 RADIAC meter to determine the presence
and intensity of a radiation hazard. MP leaders must
ensure that their teams are properly trained on this
Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense J-27
FM 3-19.4
equipment. The two types of monitoring is periodic and
continuous.
J-69. Periodic Monitoring. Periodic monitoring (once
every hour) assures the platoon that the area is not
contaminated or, if applicable, provides a warning when
contamination is detected after the platoon arrives.
Periodic monitoring is initiated under the following
conditions:
•
After the first use of nuclear weapons in the
theater of war.
•
When the platoon is out of contact with higher
HQ.
•
When ordered by higher HQ.
•
When the platoon stops continuous monitoring.
J-70. Continuous Monitoring. Continuous monitoring
is the surveillance for radiation in the platoon’s area or
position. Initiate continuous monitoring when any of the
following situations occur:
•
When a nuclear detonation is observed or
reported in the area of operations.
•
When an NBC 3 report is received and the
platoon is in the predicted area of contamination.
•
When ordered by higher HQ.
•
When a dose rate of 1 centigray per hour is
recorded in periodic monitoring.
Supervision of Tactical Dosimetry Operations
J-71. Each MP team is issued a dosimeter. Selected
soldiers wear them. Check all dosimeters to be used for
the operation. Turn in dosimeters for recharging if they
do not read zero. If a charger is not available, note the
original reading. Ensure that the dosimeter readings are
reported accurately. Collect readings at least once daily.
Average these readings, round to the nearest 10, and
report the average and the radiation exposure status
(RES) to higher HQ.
J-28 Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense
FM 3-19.4
J-72. Use individual actions for nuclear defense when
operating in or crossing radiologically contaminated
areas. Close vehicles tightly and cover cargoes with
tarps or tenting. Mission permitting, keep the speed
down to preven t dust. V ehic les should m aintain
adequate following distances to stay out of the dust
raised by preceding vehicles.
J-73. After the unit exits a contaminated area, check
personnel, equipment, and cargo for contamination and
decontaminate them, if necessary. Monitor dose rates
closely to ensure compliance with operational exposure
guidance (OEG). Update the RES if appropriate.
CHEMICAL ATTACK DEFENSE
J-74. MP must be prepared to defend themselves before,
during, and after a chemical attack.
DEFENSE BEFORE A CHEMICAL ATTACK
J-75. The best defense before a chemical attack is
preparation. Use protective procedures. Ensure that all
personnel have protective masks available, and ensure
that each mask fits and functions properly. All personnel
should wear the proper protective clothing according to
the MOPP level designated by the commander. Protect
all equipment and supplies from liquid chemical
contamination by keeping them organized and covered.
J-76. Emplace an M8A1 automatic chemical agent
alarm. The M8A1 is the primary means of detecting an
upwind chemical attack. The system provides two
essential elements of survival: detection of a toxic agent
cloud and early warning to the troops in the monitored
position. The platoon leader decides where to place the
chemical alarm. Place the detector units no more than
150 meters upwind from the platoon’s perimeter or
position. Space the available detector units about 300
meters apart, and ensure that each detector unit is
connected to the alarm unit by telephone cable (WD-1).
Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense J-29
FM 3-19.4
Position the alarm units near radiotelephone assets; this
makes it easy to alert the unit of an attack. Blowing sand
or dust, rain, sleet, snow, temperatures below 40 degrees
Fahrenheit, and tropical conditions can affect the
operation of the alarm.
J-77. If an NBC hazard cannot be avoided, soldiers must
be prepared to protect themselves and equipment from
the effects of exposure. Base the type and degree of
protection required on the unit’s mission and the hazard.
Note that the line between contamination avoidance and
protection is not distinct; many actions contribute
equally to both.
DEFENSE DURING A CHEMICAL ATTACK
J-78. Give the alarm. All unmasked soldiers put on their
protective masks and other MOPP gear. All personnel
move inside their vehicles and close all doors and
hatches, if applicable. This aids in the protection from
gross liquid contamination. The platoon leader directs
the use of M25 6A1 detector kits and the C AM to
determine the type of agent, and he submits an NBC 1
report. The platoon then continues the mission.
DEFENSE AFTER A CHEMICAL ATTACK
J - 7 9 . F o r w a r d a n N B C 1 c h e m i c a l r e p o r t , t r e a t
casualties, perform immediate decontamination as
required, and mark the contaminated area.
SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
J-80. Potential adversaries may have access to a wide
variety of biological and chemical agents on the modern
battlefield. These agents can be dispensed alone or with
other carriers or agents. Casualties resulting from
exposure to biological or chemical agents require medical
treatment as quickly as possible.
J-30 Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense
FM 3-19.4
J-81. The first step in the treatment process is usually
appropriate self-aid and buddy-aid measures. These
vary depending on the agent. Soldiers mask to prevent
inhaling or ingesting additional agents and remove
agents from exposed skin by washing with soap and
water or using the M291 kit. They use buddy-aid
procedures to observe each other for early symptoms of
toxic exposure and provide medical assistance.
J-82. The platoon leader selects separate casualty
collection points for contaminated and noncontaminated
c a s u a l t i e s t o p r e v e n t c r o s s c o n t a m i n a t i o n .
D e c o n t a m i n a t e a l l c o n t a m i n a t e d c a s u a l t i e s a s
t h o r o u g h l y a s t h e s i t u a t i o n a l l o w s b e fo re b e i ng
e v a c u a te d . T h e p l a to o n i n c l u d e s t h e n u m b er o f
contaminated patients in its casualty evacuation
request. This allows the evacuation team to send the
proper number of vehicles for pickup.
J-83. Chemical agents fall into four major categories:
nerve, blister, blood, and choking. The primary routes of
attack on the body are through the respiratory system
and the skin. These agents are especially dangerous
because they can kill or incapacitate quickly. The first,
a n d m o s t i m p o r t a n t , st e p i n d e a l i n g w i t h t h e m
effectively is to recognize symptoms so that proper
treatment can be administered. Table J-3, page J-32,
shows protection and detection measures, symptoms,
and treatment and decontamination procedures for
chemical agents.
UNMASKING PROCEDURES
J-84. Soldiers unmask as soon as possible except when a
biological or chemical attack is expected. Use the
procedures outlined in the following paragraphs to
determine if unmasking is safe.
J-85. If an M256 or M256A1 detector kit is available,
use it to supplement unmasking procedures. The kit
Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense J-31
FM 3-19.4
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J-32 Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense
FM 3-19.4
does not detect all agents; therefore, use the proper
unmasking procedures, which take about 15 minutes. If
all the tests with the kit (including a check for liquid
contamination using M8 detector paper) have been
performed a nd the results are negative, use the
following procedures:
•
The senior person selects one or two soldiers to
start unmasking procedures. If possible, they
move to a shady place. Bright, direct sunlight
can cause pupils to constrict, giving a false
symptom.
•
The selected soldiers unmask for 5 minutes and
then clear and reseal their masks.
•
The leaders observe the unmasked soldiers for
10 minutes. If no symptoms appear, request
permission from higher HQ to signal all clear.
J-86. The leaders watch the soldiers for possible delayed
symptoms. Always have first aid treatment immediately
available in case it is needed.
J-87. If an M256 or M256A1 kit is not available,
unmasking procedures take about 35 minutes. When a
reasonable amount of time has passed after the attack,
find a shady area and use M8 paper to check the area for
possible liquid contamination. Conduct unmasking
using the following procedures:
•
The senior person selects one or two soldiers.
They take a deep breath and break their mask
seals, keeping their eyes wide open.
•
The soldiers clear and reseal their masks after
15 seconds. The leaders observe them for 10
minutes.
в–
If no symptoms appear, the same soldiers
break the seals, take two or three breaths,
and clear and reseal their masks. Observe
them for 10 minutes.
Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense J-33
FM 3-19.4
в–
If no symptoms appear after 10 minutes, the
same soldiers unmask for 5 minutes and
then remask.
в–
If no symptoms appear after 10 minutes, the
leaders request permission from higher HQ
to signal all clear. He continues to observe
soldiers in case delayed symptoms develop.
J-88. Give the all-clear signal by word of mouth through
the chain of command. Higher HQ initiates the all-clear
signal after testing for contamination proves negative. If
requ ired, use standard sound signals, suc h as a
continuous, sustained blast on a siren, a vehicle horn, or
a similar device. When all clear is announced on the
radio, it must be authenticated before compliance. The
commander designates the specific all-clear signal and
includes it in the SOP.
J-34 Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense
Appendix K
Civil-Disturbance Measures
This appendix discusses the crowd control
m e a s u r e s u s e d w h e n t h e r e i s a c i v i l
disturbance.
OVERVIEW
K-1.
The mission of the military forces in a civil
disturbance is to apply the minimum force necessary to
help local or HN authorities restore law and order. Most
often, military personnel disperse unauthorized
assemblages and patrol disturbed areas to prevent
unlawful acts. Other missions assigned to MP or other
military forces include—
•
Maintaining the mechanics of essential distribu-
tion, transportation, and communications sys-
tems.
•
Making a show of force.
•
Setting up roadblocks.
•
Cordoning off areas.
•
Dispersing crowds.
•
Releasing riot control agents (RCAs).
•
Serving as security forces or reserves.
•
Initiating needed relief measures, such as
distributing food or clothing or establishing
emergency shelter.
•
Employing nonlethal munitions and equipment.
K-2. Military control force commanders must know
what options are available to them. They select the
op tion that is best for the s pecific p hy sical and
Civil-Disturbance Measures K-1
FM 3-19.4
psychological environment. They must be able to reduce
the intensity of the confrontation and restore order.
K-3. The commitment of milita ry forces to civil-
disturbance control operations does not automatically
give these forces police power. There are legal and
commonsense reasons to restrict the police power of
military forces. All military leaders and planners must
be familiar with laws, regulations, and policies that
govern military involvement in civil disturbances.
K-4. In all contacts with the civilian population and the
participants of the disturbance, military forces must
display fair and impartial treatment and must adhere to
the principle of minimum force. Whenever possible, civil
police apprehend, process, and detain civil law violators.
Military forces perform these functions only when
necessity dictates and to the minimum extent required.
The return these functions to civil authorities as soon as
possible.
K-5. As the disturbance subsides, the commander takes
steps to restore control to civil authorities. The control
force gradually reduces the number and scope of its
operations. It takes care not to give the impression that
all controls have been removed. Withdrawal is not
immediate. The disturbance may flare up again if the
participants get the impression that authorities have
abandoned the operations. The control force gradually
wi th draws in a phased return of control to civil
authorities.
CIVIL DISTURBANCES ON DEPARTMENT OF
DEFENSE INSTALLATIONS OUTSIDE THE
CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES
K - 6 . O n D O D i n s t a l l a ti o n s o v e r se a s a n d a t U S
embassies and consulates, HN forces generally control
disturbances targeted at US facilities because of the
possible international political ramifications of foreign
K-2 Civil-Disturbance Measures
FM 3-19.4
civil disturbances. Status of Forces Agreements define
the legal considerations that guide and constrain actions
by US military commanders. Commanders must have
an effective liaison with HN authorities. Through close
coordination with HN authorities, US commanders can
determine the level of visibility and the involvement, if
any, of US forces.
CROWD BEHAVIOR
K-7. The presence or absence of social factors like
leadership, moral attitudes, and social uniformity may
influence crowd behavior. Leadership has a profound
effect on the intensity and direction of crowd behavior.
When blocked from expressing its emotions in one
direction, a crowd's frustration and hostility can be
redirected elsewhere. The first person to give clear
orders in an authoritative manner is likely to be
followed. Agitators can exploit a crowd's mood and
convert a group of frustrated, resentful people into a
vengeful mob. Skillful agitators using television, radio,
and other communications media can reach large
portions of the population and incite them to unlawful
acts without having direct personal contact. In a civil-
disturbance environment, any crowd can be a threat to
law and order because it is open to manipulation.
K-8. Additionally, crowd behavior may be affected by
emotional contagion or panic.
•
Emotional
contagion
provides
the
crowd
psychological unity. The unity is usually
temporary, but it may be long enough to push a
crowd to mob action. When emotional contagion
p r e v a i l s , n o r m a l l a w a n d a u t h o r i t y a r e
suppressed, increasing the potential for violence.
•
Panic can occur during a civil disturbance
when—
в–
Crowd members perceive their safety is at
risk and attempt to flee the area.
Civil-Disturbance Measures K-3
FM 3-19.4
в–
Crowd members cannot disperse quickly
after exposure to RCAs.
в–
Escape routes are limited.
в–
Escape routes are blocked or congested.
K-9. Control force members are also susceptible to
c r o w d b eh a v i o r . T h e y m a y b e c o m e e m o t i o n a l l y
stimulated during a tense confrontation. Commanders
must counteract this. Control force members must
exercise restraint individually and collectively. Rigorous
training, firm and effective supervision, and complete
awareness and understanding of ROE and ROI are
necessary to offset the effect of crowd contagion on the
control force.
CROWD TACTICS
K-10. In civil disturbances, crowds employ any number
of tactics to resist control or to achieve their goals.
Tactics may be unplanned or planned and nonviolent or
violent. The more purposeful the disturbance, the more
likely the possibility of well-planned tactics.
K-11. Nonviolent tactics may range from name-calling
to building barricades. Demonstrators may converse
with control force members to distract them or to gain
their sympathy. They may try to convince control force
m e m b e r s t o l e a v e t h e i r p o s t s a n d j o i n t h e
demonstrators. Demonstrators may use verbal abuse.
Expect obscene remarks, taunts, ridicule, and jeers.
Crowd members want to anger and demoralize the
opposition. They want authorities to take actions that
later may be exploited as acts of brutality.
K-12. Sometimes women, children, and elderly people
are placed in the front ranks. This plays on a control
force's sympathy to try to discourage countermeasures.
When countermeasures are taken, agitators take
photographs to stir public displeasure and embarrass
the control force. Demonstrators may form human
K-4 Civil-Disturbance Measures
FM 3-19.4
blockades to impede traffic by sitting down in roads or at
the entrances to buildings. This can disrupt normal
activity, forcing control personnel to physically remove
the demonstrators. Demonstrators may lock arms,
making it hard for the control force to separate and
remove them. It also makes the control force seem to be
using excessive force.
K-13. Groups of demonstrators may trespass on private
or government property. They want to force mass
arrests, overwhelm detainment facilities, and clog the
legal system. Demonstrators may resist by going limp
and forcing control force members to carry them. They
may chain or handcuff themselves to objects or to each
other. This prolongs the demonstration. Agitators may
spread rumors to incite the crowd and try to force the
control force to use stronger measures to control or
disperse the crowd. The agitators want to make the
control force appear to be using excessive force. Terrorist
groups may try to agitate crowds as a diversion for
terrorist acts. They also try to provoke an overreaction
by the control force.
K-14. Violent crowd tactics, which may be extremely
destructive, can include physical attacks on people and
property, fires, and bombings. Crowd use of violent
tactics is limited only by the attitudes and ingenuity of
crowd members, the training of their leaders, and the
materials available to them. Crowd or mob members
may commit violence with crude, homemade weapons, or
th e y m a y e m p l oy s op h i s ti c a t e d s m a l l a r m s a n d
explosives. If unplanned violence occurs, a crowd will
use rocks, bricks, bottles, or whatever else is at hand. If
v i o l e n c e i s p l a n n e d , a c r o w d c a n e a s i l y c o n c e a l
makeshift weapons or tools for vandalism. They may
carry—
•
Balloons filled with paint to use as bombs.
•
Bolt cutters to cut through fences.
•
Picket signs to be used as clubs.
Civil-Disturbance Measures K-5
FM 3-19.4
•
Pipes wrapped in newspapers to throw as deadly
missiles.
•
Firecrackers dipped in glue and covered with
BBs or small nails to use as deadly grenades.
•
Plywood shields and motorcycle helmets to
protect against riot batons.
•
Safety goggles to protect against tear gas.
K-15. A crowd may erect barricades to impede troop
movement or to prevent a control force from entering
certain areas or buildings. They may use vehicles, trees,
furniture, fences, or any other material. In an effort to
breach barriers, rioters may throw grapples into wire
barricades and drag them. They may use grapples,
chains, wire, or rope to pull down gates or fences. Long
poles or spears may be used to keep control forces back
while removing barricades or to prevent the use of
bayonets. They also may crash vehicles into gates or
fences to breach them.
K-16. Rioters can be expected to vent their emotions on
indi vidu als, troop fo rm ations, and control-force
equipment. R ioters may throw rotten fruits a nd
vegetables, rocks, bricks, bottles, improvised bombs, or
other objects from overpasses, windows, and roofs. In
the past, troops, firefighters, and utility workers on duty
during a civil disorder have been beaten, injured, or
killed. Vehicles have been overturned, set on fire, or
otherwise damaged.
K-17. Rioters may direct dangerous objects like vehicles,
carts, barrels, and liquids at troops located on or at the
bottom of a slope. On level ground, they may drive
wheeled vehicles at the troops, jumping out before the
vehicles reach the target. This tactic is also used to
breach roadblocks and barricades.
K-18. Rioters may set fire to buildings and vehicles to
block the advance of troops. Fires are also set to create
confusion or diversion, destroy property, and mask
K-6 Civil-Disturbance Measures
FM 3-19.4
looting and sniping. Rioters may flood an area with
gasoline or oil and ignite it. On the other hand, they may
pour gasoline or oil down a slope or drop it from
buildings and ignite it.
K-19. Weapons fire against troops may take the form of
selective sniping or massed fire. The fire may come from
within the ranks of the rioters or from buildings or other
adjacent cover. The weapons used can vary from
homemade one-shot weapons to high-powered rifles.
Snipers may try to panic control force members into
firing a volley into the crowd. Innocent casualties make
a control force appear both undisciplined and oppressive.
K-20. Explosives may be used to breach a dike, levee, or
dam. Bombs can be exploded ahead of troops or vehicles
so rubble blocks a street. They can be used to block an
underpass by demolishing the overhead bridge. In
extremely violent confrontations, bombs placed in
buildings may be timed to explode when troops or
vehicles are near. Demolition charges can be buried in
streets and exploded as troops or vehicles pass over
them. Explosive-laden vehicles can be rolled or driven at
troops. Rioters may attach explosives to animals and
force them toward troops. They then detonate the
explosives by remote control. Even harmless looking
objects like cigarette lighters and toys can be loaded
with explosives and used as weapons.
COMPANY LEVEL OPERATIONS
K-21. Normally, civil-disturbance operations are
conducted at company level. The company operations
section coordinates for special equipment that includes
the following:
•
Kevlar and face shield.
•
Body armor.
•
Shields, work gloves, and batons.
•
Protective masks.
Civil-Disturbance Measures K-7
FM 3-19.4
•
Elbow pads.
•
Shin guards.
•
Weapons and bayonets.
•
CS/OC spray.
•
Smoke grenades.
•
Breaching ramps.
•
Scaling ladders.
•
Portable radios.
•
Portable lighting.
•
Bullhorns.
•
Video home system (VHS) cameras to videotape
individuals in the crowd for identification.
•
Transportation
assets
to
move
people
to
detention cells or detention areas.
•
Hand and leg irons and flex cuffs.
•
NVDs.
K-22. The MP operations center also coordinates for
support, to include medical and emergency operations
center (EOC) personnel, SRTs, hostage negotiators,
MWD teams, PSYOP, civil affairs, local or HN law
enforcement personnel, and apprehension or detention
facilities for civilian personnel.
K-23. Rehearsals are imperative to the overall success
of suppressing civil disturbances even before they occur.
Rehearsals should cover the use and employment of
nonlethal munitions, practice situations in which ROE
or the use of force is applied, the use of riot dispensers,
h a n d a n d a r m s i g n a l s o r v o i c e c o m m a n d s , a n d
formations.
K-24. MP use appropriate crowd control measures that
include formations such as—
•
Using the line formation to push or drive a
crowd straight back.
•
Using the echelon formation to turn or move
crowds away from buildings, fences, or walls.
K-8 Civil-Disturbance Measures
FM 3-19.4
•
Using the wedge formation penetrate and split a
crowd.
•
Using the diamond formation to enter a crowd.
K-25. When a small unit, normally a squad, moves a
dignitary through a crowd or an apprehension team into
a crowd, they generally use the diamond formation. The
other formations are trained at squad level and above
but are normally performed by a platoon or company.
The line, echelon left or right, and wedge formations are
the basis for platoon and company formations. A squad
must be skilled in the basic formations before practicing
in platoon-size or larger formations.
K-26. Refer to FM 19-15 for more information about
civil-disturbance techniques and procedures.
NONLETHAL MUNITIONS
K-27. Nonlethal munitions are explicitly designed and
prima rily employed to incapacitate personnel or
material, while minimizing fatalities, permanent injury
to personnel, and undesired damage to property and the
environment. Unlike conventional lethal munitions that
destroy their targets through blast, penetration, and
fragmentation, nonlethal munitions employ means other
than gross physical destruction to prevent the target
from functioning.
K-28. The doctrine and concepts of operation for
nonlethal weapons are designed to reinforce deterrence
a n d e x p a n d t h e r a n g e o f o p t i o n s a v a i l a b l e t o
commanders. They enhance the capability of US forces
to accomplish the following objectives:
•
Discourage, delay, or prevent hostile actions.
•
Limit escalation.
•
Take military action in situations where the use
of lethal force is not the preferred option.
•
Protect our forces better.
Civil-Disturbance Measures K-9
FM 3-19.4
•
Disable equipment, facilities, and personnel
temporarily.
K-29. Nonlethal munitions are not required to have a
zero probability of producing fatalities or permanent
injuries, and complete avoidance of these effects is not
guaranteed or expected. When properly employed,
nonlethal weapons should significantly reduce these
effects when compared with using lethal weapons to
physically destroy the same target.
K-30. Nonlethal capabilities provide a wider range of
options that augment but do not replace traditional
means of deadly force. The option to resort to deadly
f o r c e m u s t a l w a y s r e m a i n a v a i l a b l e w h e n t h e
commander believes it is appropriate to the mission.
K-31. MP norm ally u se the low est level of force
necessary to control most i nci dents that involve
noncombatants. RCAs, such as CS and MWD, and crowd
control devices, such as the riot baton, are examples of
nonlethal means currently used by MP forces. These
options are currently listed in AR 190-29.
K-32. Training for the use of nonlethal munitions
requires leaders and soldiers to understand the limited
use of these systems in environments with restrictive
ROE. Training will be continuous at all levels to ensure
that nonlethal munitions are properly employed.
K-33. The countermeasures for thwarting virtually all
nonlethal options are usually apparent, quickly learned,
and readily available. Because they do not kill, nonlethal
options teach an adversary what to avoid in the future.
Commanders must be prepared to stay one step ahead of
motivated belligerents. Many nonlethal options have
both maximum effective and minimum safety ranges.
Individuals struck short of the minimum safety range
often suffer severe injuries or death, while the effects of
most nonlethal devices are greatly mitigated at longer
ranges. In order to be effective, an adversary must be
K-10 Civil-Disturbance Measures
FM 3-19.4
engaged within the effective zone (beyond the minimum
safety range and short of the maximum effective range).
K-34. Nonlethal munitions and equipment currently
available are shown in Appendix L. Refer to Figure 3-2,
page 3-11, for the range of the munitions.
NONLETHAL MUNITIONS EMPLOYMENT
CONSIDERATIONS
K-35. Nonlethal munitions employment must be well
documented in ROE. Leaders must constantly ensure
that soldiers understand when and how to effectively
employ them. Incorrect application of these munitions
c a n h a v e s i g n i f i c a n t o p e r a t i o n a l a n d p o l i t i c a l
ramifications. Employment considerations include the
following:
•
Individual. When possible, do not change
individual weapons. Designate individuals as
nonlethal shooters. Nonlethal shooters carry
lethal munitions only for personal protection.
Carry lethal rounds in a place to avoid confusing
nonlethal rounds with lethal rounds.
•
Squad. Squad leaders carry stun grenades and
mainta in their weapon loaded with lethal
ammunition. Ideally, the squad does not change
their task organization to accommodate the
addition of nonlethal equipment. They should
designate nonlethal shooters instead.
•
Patrols. Commanders do not plan a nonlethal
patrol, but they plan a combat and security
patrol with a nonlethal attachment when the
mission dictates. Carrying a shotgun limits the
flexibility an individual has because of the time
it takes to transition from nonlethal to lethal.
Use shotguns only from a fixed position where
adequate coverage is available.
•
Static position. Individuals on static positions
h a v e t h e i r w e a p o n s l o a d e d w i t h l e t h a l
Civil-Disturbance Measures K-11
FM 3-19.4
a m m un i t i o n , a n d a dd i t i o na l l y t he y ca rr y
nonlethal munitions. Both shotguns and M203s
work well from static positions and are used
together when possible.
•
Contact teams. Teams of personnel whose
primary responsibilities are to make personal
contact with the adversary are established
before deployment. Train team members in
unar med self-defense, open-hand control ,
handcuffing, and flex cuffing. Equip contact
teams with personal protection gear, 9-millimeter
pistols, and flex cuffs. Due to the physical nature
of contact teams, do not arm contact team
members with long rifles. If security for the
contact team is an issue, attach a security
element. MWD teams may also augment contact
teams to help locate the adversary. Refer to FM
9 0 - 4 0 f o r m o r e i n f o r m a ti o n o n n o n l e t h a l
techniques and procedures.
K-12 Civil-Disturbance Measures
Appendix L
Weapons and Equipment
MP must be rapidly deployable, versatile, and
as lethal as the force that they support. MP are
organized and equipped to provide functional
battlefield capabilities that range from the
deliberate att ack (area security) to civil-
d i s t u r b a n c e c o n t r o l o p e r a t i o n s ( L & O ) .
Although not all inclusive, the listed data is
intended to aid in planning MP operations. In
any tactical situation, it is important that MP
be able to properly identify threat weapons,
vehicles, and aircraft. When threat is observed,
MP report their location, activity, and direction
of travel to higher HQ by the fastest means
available.
FRIENDLY VEHICLES
L-1. Table L-1, page L-2, gives MP leaders a quick look
at the capabilities of the various vehicles in the Army
inventory.
Weapons and Equipment L-1
FM 3-19.4
le
um
hic
di
e
e
V)
V
T
M
cal
(LM
0
ght
0
+
Li
acti
,5
2
1
0
T
6
1
5
6
8
8
0
1
1
2
9
5
5
4
7
0
11
0
1
,5
2
7
1
0
M
9
0
3
0
0
3
4
2
1
2
1
5
6
4
141
0
1
0
.5
M
,1
0
5
2
3
9
5
5
5
7
bilities
1
7
1
8
2
5
2
apa
6
C
2
le
/10
c
58
0
3
5
ehi
0251
5
/1
V
/7
0
/8
0
M
,2
3
8
5
5
5
0
5
7
1
8
2
5
3
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blea
8
T
99M
05
0
0
,9
9
8
5
5
5
5
4
6
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(in
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s
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r)
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id
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p
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m
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L-2 Weapons and Equipment
FM 3-19.4
MTVL
00
0
0
,0
6
6
5
71
0
11
6
A
M
0
,3
N
6
3
tinued)
1411M
0
0
A
(Con
6
3
N
s
6
ilitieb
bilities
102
a
a
p
pa
25/
Ca
0
C
10
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ing
0
0
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6
3
2
iche
Ford
V
8
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9
L
9M
00
ble
0
0
,5
a
6
3
2
T
s
)se
m
ilitie
)s
h
u
b
e
c
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h
in
im
p
c
x
in
(in
a
Ca
it
(m
le
(in
k
d
)
it
tu
a
s
hic
k
o
lo
d
e
y
n
V
ith
ith
a
uo
W
W
P
p
Weapons and Equipment L-3
FM 3-19.4
FRIENDLY WEAPONS
L-2. Table L-2 gives MP leaders a quick look at the
capabilities of the weapons used by MP units.
0
249
.5
.1
0
A
A
M
5
1
,6
1
4
3
N
N
203
0
M
1
9
0
4
1
1
3
4
1
3
)
T4
(A
36
0
.8
0
A
M1
4
0
,1
0
1
4
2
1
N
-19
2
ities
K
1
to
6
3
,2
8
0
8
bil
M
7
4
2
1
3
2
a
Cap
2
6A
00
M1
.7
9
,6
A
A
8
3
3
N
N
eapon
Range
W.
9
00
-2
M
.6
.5
,8
A
A
L
2
8
1
N
N
ble
,
a
d
T
5
e
n
0
M4
.7
s
e
0
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9
lo
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A
A
7
2
c
3
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3
N
N
M2
56
4
6
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A
A
8
6
6
N
N
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L-4 Weapons and Equipment
FM 3-19.4
9
*
24
0
0
0
0
0
0
A
0
0
5
M
8
6
N
8
2
8
3
20
0
0
5
6
A
A
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5
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N
N
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(A
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136
A
A
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N
N
N
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te)
-19
1
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5
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7
0
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(Cont
M
2
1
N
M
3
6
4
s
Per
2
ngea
bilitie
to
16A
R
a
0
0
0
0
0
M
e
0
8
0
0
0
A
6
v
8
5
2
oundsR
7
8
N
1
Cap
fecti
(in
pon
Ef
re
M9
A
0
A
A
A
0
ea
N
5
N
Fi
N
N
6
of
W
-2.
to
5
L
M4
0
0
Rate
0
0
/1
0
0
A
0
7
A
2
6
5
N
7
9
N
1
bleaT
0
0
M2
3
0
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*
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A
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0
0
.
1
1
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4
4
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Weapons and Equipment L-5
FM 3-19.4
FRIENDLY NONLETHAL EQUIPMENT AND
MUNITIONS
L-3. The following descriptions and illustrations
describe nonlethal equipment and munitions that are
currently available.
NONLETHAL EQUIPMENT
L-4. The following nonlethal equipment provides bodily
protection for soldiers involved in a nonlethal operation
and a llows sol diers to ca pture the threa t wi th a
minimum of force.
Nonballistic and Ballistic Riot Face Shields
L-5. The riot face shield (Figure L-1) provides soldiers
with improved facial protection from thrown objects. The
face shield is lightweight, adaptable to the current
helmet, transparent, and scratch-resistant. It is
adjustable to up and down positions. The mechanism for
attaching and removing the shield from the helmet is
robust and simple and requires no tools in the field.
Figure L-1. Riot Face Shield
L-6 Weapons and Equipment
FM 3-19.4
L-6. The ballistic riot face shield is similar in design,
but it is heavier and provides facial protection up to a 9-
millimeter full metal jacket (FMJ) or 124 grains at 1,400
feet per second. This face shield is primarily used by
SRTs in force-entry scenarios and can also be used for
MOUT operations.
Nonballistic and Ballastic Riot Body Shields
L-7. The nonballistic riot body shield (Figure L-2) is 24
inches by 48 inches by .157 inches. It provides soldiers
with improved protection from frontal, side, and
o v e r h e a d a s s a u l t s . T h i s s h i e l d i s l i g h t w e i g h t ,
transparent, and scratch-resistant. The ballistic riot
body shield (Figure L-3, page L-8) is 24 inches by 36
inches with a 4- by 16-inch window for viewing the
threat. It is similar in design to the nonballistic shield
but is heavier. It provides ballistic protection up to a 9-
millimeter FMJ or 124 grains at 1,400 feet per second.
This shield is primarily used by SRTs in forced-entry
scenarios and can also be used for selected MOUT
operations.
Figure L-2. Nonballistic Riot Body Shield
Weapons and Equipment L-7
FM 3-19.4
Figure L-3. Ballistic Riot Body Shield
Nonballistic and Ballistic Shin Guards
L-8. Nonballistic shin guards (Figure L-4) provide
soldiers with improved protection from thrown objects.
They are lightweight and black in color.
Figure L-4. Nonballistic Shin Guards
L-9. Ballistic shin guards are similar in design to
nonballastic guards, but they are heavier and provide
protection up to a 9-millimeter FMJ or 124 grains at
1,400 feet per second. They are primarily used by SRTs
L-8 Weapons and Equipment
FM 3-19.4
in forced-entry scenarios and can also be used in selected
MOUT operations.
Baton
L-10. The standard 36-inch wooden riot baton (Figure L-5)
is currently in use for riot control. It is used for self-defense
and to keep rioters out of arm's reach of the soldiers
conducting crowd control tactics.
Figure L-5. Standard 36-inch Wooden Riot Baton
Portable Bullhorn
L-11. The portable bullhorn (Figure L-6, page L-10) is a
critical communication device when conducting crowd
c o n t r o l t a c t i c s . T h e b u l l h o r n c a n f a c i l i t a t e
communication with the crowd in conjunction with
l i n g u i s t o r P S Y O P s u p p o r t . I t a l s o a s s i s t s i n
communicating commands to troops engaged in crowd
control by projecting over the crowd's noise.
Individual Voice-Amplification System
L-12. The individual voice-amplification system (Figure
L-7, page L-10) is a critical communication device for
conducting crowd control tactics when using RCAs and
wearing a protective mask. This device facilitates oral
communications and increases the user’s ability to be
heard on radios and other devices.
Weapons and Equipment L-9
FM 3-19.4
Figure L-6. Portable Bullhorn
Figure L-7. Individual Voice-Amplification System
Individual Oleoresin Capsicum and M36 Individual
Chlorobenzyl Malononitrile Dispersers
L-13. These individual RCA dispersers (Figure L-8) are
used primarily for self-defense and to keep rioters out of
arm’s reach of soldiers conducting crowd control tactics
or engaged in missions were noncombatant threat
exists.
Midsize Riot Control Dispersers of Oleoresin Capsicum and
Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile
L-14. This RCA disperser (Figure L-9) is primarily used
by formations conducting crowd control tactics, law
L-10 Weapons and Equipment
FM 3-19.4
Figure L-8. Individual OC and CS Dispersers
enforcement, and I/R operations. It is lightweight, can be
operated by one person, and is easily refilled and
pressurized with available maintenance equipment or
2ВЅ- or 5-ton truck compressors. It is intended to provide
a small unit with self-defense capabilities from large
crowds out to 10 meters (more range is possible based on
the wind) or offensively to clear crowds from critical
areas (toward preplanned escape routes).
Figure L-9. Midsize Riot Control Dispersers of OC and CS
Weapons and Equipment L-11
FM 3-19.4
M33A1 Riot Control Disperser Filled With Chloroben-
zylidene Malononitrile or Dibenz (B, f)-1, 4-Oxazepine (CR)
L-15. This RCA disperser (Figure L-10) is primarily
used by formations conducting crowd control tactics. It is
twice as heavy as a midsized disperser, carries a larger
payload, and dispenses powdered CS or liquid CR. One
individual can operate it, and it can be refilled and
pressurized with available M4 compressors. It is
intended to provide a small unit with self-defense
capabilities from large crowds out to 15 meters (100
meters is possible based on wind speed and direction).
Use the M33A1 offensively to clear crowds from critical
areas.
Figure L-10. M33A1 Riot Control Disperser Filled With CS or CR
L - 1 6 . S o m e t r a i n i n g i s r e q u i r e d t o o p e r a t e t h e
dispenser. The unit NBC NCO ma y conduct this
training. The device requires up to 2,000 pounds per
square inch of pressure to function properly, and it is
maintained with an M254 maintenance kit.
L-12 Weapons and Equipment
FM 3-19.4
High-Intensity Xenon Searchlight
L-17. Use this individual, handheld searchlight (Figure
L-11) for illumination in crowd control operations during
darkness. Use i t for gen eral illumination of the
operational area; to pinpoint agitators or threat, to
reduce the ability of rioters to see troop formations and
actions, and to enhance tactical deception techniques for
units conducting crowd control operations.
Figure L-11. High-Intensity Xenon Searchlight
Lightweight Disposable Restraints
L-18. Lightweight disposable restraints (Figure L-12,
page L-14) are also known as flex cuffs. Individual
soldiers can carry large quantities of these restraints to
immobilize individuals being detained. When freeing a
detainee, cut the restrains off him with the safe cutting
device supplied with the restraints or with utility
shears. A reusable, red restraint training device is
available.
Shotgun Munitions Carrier
L-19. The shotgun munitions carrier (Figure L-13, page
L-14) is a 12-gauge ammunition carrier that straps to
the stock of the M12 shotgun. It allows the firer to carry
nonlethal ammunition that is readily available.
Weapons and Equipment L-13
FM 3-19.4
Figure L-12. Lightweight Disposable Restraints
Figure L-13. Shotgun Munitions Carrier
Portable Vehicle-Arresting Barrier (PVAB)
L-20. The PVAB (Figure L-14) is designed to assist with
short-term physical security of critical facilities and for
use at checkpoints. Use the PVAB to augment a vehicle
checkpoint. It adds the ability to stop any light vehicle
(up to 7,500 pounds) that attempts to flee without killing
the occupants. This device may be set up by 2 or 3
soldiers in less than an hour.
L-21. When emplaced, the PVAB resembles a standard
speed bump. When armed, the device operates within
1.5 seconds and deploys a high-tensile net that catches
the vehicle and slows it to a stop with internal braking
L-14 Weapons and Equipment
FM 3-19.4
Figure L-14. Vehicle Entrapped in a PVAB
mechanisms. The net and other features prevent
occupants from fleeing the vehicle. The PVAB is best
suited for mobile, short-term vehicle checkpoints in
areas under US control where there is a threat of
terrorist-type activity and where the threat uses the
cover of noncombatants to infiltrate US AOs.
NONLETHAL MUNITIONS
L-22. The following munitions provide soldiers with a
nonlethal way to break contact, enforce a buffer zone, or
stun an individual.
12-Gauge Nonlethal Point Target Cartridge Round (M1012)
L-23. The point target cartridge round (Figure L-15,
page L-16) stuns individuals by delivering a strong blow
to the body without penetrating it. This munition allows
soldiers to enforce a buffer zone (standoff distance) with
a violent crowd, break contact, or stun an individual
target for possible detention by snatch teams. Fire the
round at the center mass of an adult subject at ranges of
10 to 30 meters. Beyond 30 meters, the projectile loses
Weapons and Equipment L-15
FM 3-19.4
accuracy and may no longer have the velocity required to
stun an individual. This round has applications in law
enforcement, I/R facilities, and US military detention
facilities.
DANGER
Shots fired at subjects closer than 10 meters or shots to
the head or groin may cause serious injury or even death.
Figure L-15. 12-Gauge Nonlethal Point Target Cartridge Round
12-Gauge Aerial Diversionary-Device Round
L-24. The aerial diversionary-device round (Figure L-16)
provides multishot nonlethal capability to distract
individuals or crowds. In crowd control, it delivers a flash
bang projectile over the heads of a violent or potentially
violent crowd, and is used to distract the crowd (in
combination with other distraction devices and troop
maneuvers). It allows other troop formations to maneuver
to positions that are more advantageous
L-16 Weapons and Equipment
FM 3-19.4
L-25. The round is designed to be fired at ranges of 75 to
100 meters and is placed about 5 meters above the
crowd.
DANGER
Shots fired directly at subjects or in enclosed areas may
cause serious injury.
Figure L-16. 12-Gauge Aerial Diversionary-Device Round
12-Gauge Nonlethal Area Target Cartridge Round (M1013)
L-26. The area target cartridge round (Figure L-17,
page L-18) provides the capability to stun or deter two or
three threats by delivering a strong blow to the body
without penetrating it. This round has a wide range of
capabilities for tactical, law enforcement, I/R, and US
military detention operations.
L-27. The round is designed to be fired at the center
mass of an adult threat at ranges of 10 to 30 meters.
Weapons and Equipment L-17
FM 3-19.4
Figure L-17. 12-Gauge Nonlethal Area Target Cartridge Round
Shots fired closer than 10 meters may cause serious
injuries. The projectile loses accuracy when shot beyond
30 meters and may no longer be effective.
40-Millimeter Sponge Round (Point) (M1006)
L-28. The 40-millimeter sponge round (Figure L-18)
delivers a strong, stunning blow to a threat’s body
without penetrating it. This round has a wide range of
capabilities for tactical, law enforcement, I/R, and US
military detention operations.
Figure L-18. M1006 40-Millimeter Sponge Round
L-18 Weapons and Equipment
FM 3-19.4
L-29. The round is designed to be fired at the center
mass of an adult threat at ranges of 10 to 50 meters.
WARNING
Shots fired closer than 10 meters may cause injuries.
40-Millimeter Crowd Dispersal Round (Area) (XM1029)
L-30. The 40-millimeter crowd dispersal round (Figure
L-19) delivers a strong, stunning blow to a threat’s body
without penetrating it. This round has a wide range of
capabilities for tactical, law enforcement, I/R, and US
military detention operations. In crowd control, it
provides a nonlethal capability that can be used to break
contact and enforce a buffer zone (standoff distance)
with a violent crowd.
Figure L-19. 40-Millimeter Crowd Dispersal Round (Area)
L-31. The round is designed to be fired at the center
mass of an adult threat at ranges of 10 to 30 meters.The
projectile loses accuracy when shot beyond 30 meters
and may not stun or deter the threat.
Weapons and Equipment L-19
FM 3-19.4
WARNING
Shots fired closer than 10 meters may cause injuries.
40-Millimeter Carrying Pouch
L-32. The 40-millimeter carrying pouch is slung over
the shoulder of a soldier. It provides the ability to carry
nonlethal ammunition separate from lethal rounds.
M84 Stun Grenade (Diversionary Device, Hand-Thrown)
L-33. The M84 (Figure L-20) is a hand-thrown, flash
bang, stun device used primarily by SRTs in forced-
entry scenarios. It is used for selected MOUT or crowd
control operations.
Figure L-20. M84 Stun Grenade
L-34. The M84 is designed to be thrown into a room
(through an open door, a standard glass window, or
other opening). It delivers a loud bang and a brilliant
flash that temporarily disorients and detracts the
occupants. Because of its reusable metal body, do not
L-20 Weapons and Equipment
FM 3-19.4
throw it into a crowd, as it may be returned to friendly
troops in the form of a projectile. Instead, throw it into a
controlled area in conjunction with other deception and
distraction techniques.
NONLETHAL, TURRET-MOUNTED, 66-MILLIMETER
GRENADE LAUNCHER (M315) AND LIGHT VEHICLE
OBSCURATION SMOKE SYSTEM, 66-MILLIMETER,
NONLETHAL GRENADE (L96/97 XM98/99)
L-35. The LVOSS/M315 (Figure L-21) is a 66-millimeter
smoke grenade-launching platform designed to give
HMMWVs ASV M1117 the ability to obscure their
position in the same manner as armored vehicles. These
launchers can launch any of the smoke or nonlethal 66-
millimeter munition.
M315
LVOSS
Figure L-21. LVOSS and M315
L-36. The M315 turr et-m ounte d, 66-millimeter,
multipurpose, adjustable grenade launcher installation
kit was de velop ed to p ro vide a v ehic l e-m oun ted
nonlethal platform. The system is capable of delivering
nonlethal payloads to support a variety of mission
requirements and can be mounted on various vehicles
(M1025, M1026, M966, M114, or ASV M1117) equipped
Weapons and Equipment L-21
FM 3-19.4
with a machine gun or a TOW II missile system mount.
The system electronically fires 66-millimeter cartridges
from four adjustable firing tubes.
L-37. The LVOSS, 66-millimeter, nonlethal grenade
(L96/97 XM98/99) is an area target munition that can be
fired from the standard LVOSS/M315 launcher (Figure
L-22). It can be mounted on selected armament carrier
HMMWVs and can be fired from any 66-millimeter,
smoke-la unching system found on most armored
vehicles.
Figure L-22. LVOSS/M315 66-Millimeter Nonlethal Grenade
L-38. These rounds are designed to be fired from 80 to
100 meters. They deliver a flash bang diversionary
warning (M98), a payload of rubber nonpenetrating
projectiles (M99) (affecting a 10- to 20-meter circular
area), or CS/cinnamic acid (CA) practice below the point
of burst (L96A1/L97A1). These munitions lack the
ability to be precision-delivered and are meant to affect
a large number of people at long standoff ranges. This
provides convoys and crowd control formations a long
range support weapon to affect crowds beyond the range
of shoulder-fired nonlethal weapons. Use the rounds to
L-22 Weapons and Equipment
FM 3-19.4
provide supporting nonlethal fires to crowd control
formations.
M5 Modular Crowd Control Munitions
L-39. The MCCM (Figure L-23) munition is similar in
operation to a claymore mine, but it delivers nonlethal
e f f e c t s t o t h e t h r e a t b y d e l i v e r i n g a s t r o n g ,
n o n p e n e t r a t i n g b l o w t o t h e b o d y w i t h m u l ti p l e
submunitions (600 rubber balls). This round has a wide
range of capabilities for tactical, law enforcement, I/R,
and US military detention operations. In crowd control,
it provides a nonlethal counterpersonnel capability that
can be used to break contact, enforce a buffer zone
(standoff distance), or demonstrate a show of force.
Arrow
Shipping plug/priming adapter
Detonator well
KNIFE EDGE SIGHT
Molded slit-type peep site
Arrow
BACK
LOT
DATE
Plastic matrix
Composition C4
Scissor-type
folding legs
Figure L-23. M5 MCCM
Weapons and Equipment L-23
FM 3-19.4
L-40. This round is designed to be fired at the center
mass of adult threats at ranges of 5 to 15 meters. It has
a shot arc covering between 60 to 80 degrees (laterally).
WARNING
Shots fired at subjects closer than 5 meters may cause
injury.
FRIENDLY COMMUNICATION, SINGLE-
CHANNEL, GROUND-TO-AIR RADIO SYSTEM
(SINCGARS)
L-41. SINCGARS is the primary communication system
for MP. It is a series of 2-way FM radio sets that use an
18-element keypad for tuning 2,320 channels. This
includes 8 preset channels in the single-channel mode
and 6 preset channels in the jam-resistant, frequency-
hopping mode. Table L-3 and Table L-4 provide the planning ranges for SINCGARS.
Table L-3. Voice Transmission Maximum Planning Ranges
Type of Radio
RF Switch Position
Planning Ranges
Manpack or
LO
200 to 400 meters
vehicular
M
400 meters to 5 kilometers
HI
5 to 10 kilometers
Vehicular only
PA
10 to 40 kilometers
L - 4 2 . T o i n c r e a s e t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n r a n g e o f
SINCGARS, connect the OE-254 antenna group. It is an
omn idi r ection a l, bi con ic a l a ntenn a desi gn ed for
broadband operation, without field adjustment, from 30
to 88 megahertz, up to 350 watts. The following is the
tabulated data transmission range of the OE-254:
•
Between two OE-254 antenna groups–
в–
Average terrain: 36 miles (57.9 kilometers).
L-24 Weapons and Equipment
FM 3-19.4
в–
Difficult terrain: 30 miles (48.3 kilometers).
•
Between an OE-254 antenna group and a
vehicular whip antenna–
в–
Average terrain: 30 miles (48.3 kilometers).
в–
Difficult terrain: 25 miles (40.3 kilometers).
Table L-4. Data Transmission Maximum Planning Ranges
RF
Planning
Type of Radio
Baud Rate Used
Switch
Ranges*
Position
(In Kilometers)
Manpack/
600 to 4,800 baud per
HI
3 to 5
vehicular
second (BPS)
(short range)
16,000 BPS (16
HI
1 to 3
kilobauds per second
[KBPS])
Vehicular
600 to 2,400 BPS
PA
5 to 25
(long range)
4,800 BPS
PA
5 to 22
16,000 BPS (16 KBPS)
PA
3 to 10
*Ranges are based on the line of sight and are average for
normal conditions. Ranges depend on the location, the
sighting, the weather, and the surrounding noise level,
among other factors. The use of the OE-254 antenna
increases the range for both voice and data transmissions.
Enemy jamming and mutual interference conditions
degrade these ranges. In data transmission, the use of a
lower baud rate increases the range.
THREAT WEAPONS AND EQUIPMENT
L-43. In any tactical situation, it is important that MP
be able to properly identify threat weapons, vehicles,
and aircraft. MP report threat location, activity, and
direction of travel to higher HQ by the fastest means
available.
L-44. Tables L-5 through L-12, pages L-27 through L-52,
outline the most common features of threat weapons,
Weapons and Equipment L-25
FM 3-19.4
equipment, and vehicles that MP may encounter in a
hostile environment. Special operations forces and
airborne assault, reconnaissance, and insurgent units
often use these weapons.
L-26 Weapons and Equipment
FM 3-19.4
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FM 3-19.4
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L-53 Weapons and Equipment
Glossary
в€ћ
infinity symbol
"
inch(es)
'
foot; feet
<
more than
>
less than
В°
degree
?
unknown information
AA
assembly area
AAR
after-action review
AB
A map's reference point.
ABD
air base defense
ACE
ammunition, casualty, and equipment
ADC
area damage control
AFJI
Air Force joint instruction
AFM
Air Force manual
AFSF
Air Force security force
AGS
armored gun system
AI
area of interest
alt
alternate
ammo
ammunition
ANCD
automated net control device
Glossary-1
FM 3-19.4
AO
area of operation
AOE
Army of Excellence
AOR
area of responsibility
AP
armor piercing
APC
armored personnel carrier
APL
antipersonnel land mines
APT
armor piercing tracer
AR
Army regulation; automatic rifle (SAW)
AS
area security
ASAP
all-source analysis product
ASCC
Army service component command
ASI
addition skill identifier
ASP
ammunition supply point
ASV
armor security vehicle
AT
antitank
AT/FP
antiterrorism/force protection
ATGM
antitank guided missiles
ATTN
attention
AWOL
absent without leave
BCC
battlefield circulation control
BCOC
base cluster operations center
BDOC
base defense operations center
BDU
battle dress uniform
Glossary-2
FM 3-19.4
BHL
battle handover line
BII
basic-issue item
bldg
building
BMP
Bronevaya Maschina Piekhota,
armored vehicle, infantry
BPS
baud per second
BSA
brigade support area
BT
bomb trench
c
distance of the centerline of the road
C
clay; distance from the centerline
C2
command and control
C4
composition C4
CA
cinnamic acid; civil affairs
CAC
crossing area commander
CAM
chemical agent monitor
CANA
convulsant antidote for nerve agents
CAS
close air support
CASEVAC
casualty evacuation
CCIR
commander's critical information
requirements
cdr
commander
CERTEX
certification exercise
cGyph
centigray per hour
CI
civilian internee
Glossary-3
FM 3-19.4
CID
criminal investigation division
CL
centerline
cm
centimeter
co
company
COA
course of action
COMMEX
communication exercise
COMMZ
communications zone
CONEX
container express
CONUS
continental United States
CP
command post
CPOG
chemical protective overgarment
CPU
chemical protective undergarment
CR
Dibenz (B, f)-1, 4-oxazepine
CS
combat support; chlorobenzul-
malononitrile
CSC
crossing site commander
CSS
combat-service support
CTOC
corps tactical operations center
CTUS
customs territory of the United States
DA
Department of the Army
DAP
decontamination apparatus
DC
dislocated civilian
DCG
degrees grid north
Glossary-4
FM 3-19.4
DD
Department of Defense
Dec
December
DED
detailed equipment decontamination
DFAS-IN
Defense Finance and Accounting
Service-Indianapolis
DFC
defense force commander
DGG
degrees grid north
DGM
degrees magnetic north
DGT
degrees true north
DM
designated marksman
DNVT
digital nonsecure voice terminal
DOD
Department of Defense
DS
direct support; decontamination
solution
DS2
decontamination solution number 2
DSA
division support area
DTD
detailed troop decontamination
DTG
date-time group
DTO
division transportation office
DVO
direct-view optics
DZ
drop zones
E
east
EA
engagement area
EAC
echelon above corps
Glossary-5
FM 3-19.4
EEFI
essential elements of friendly
information
EEP
engineer equipment park
EIC
end item code
ENDEX
end of exercise
EO
executive order
EOC
emergency operations center
EPW
enemy prisoner of war
ERA
extended range artillery
ERP
engineer regulating points
FA
field artillery
FAE
fuel air explosive
FCF
field confinement facility
FDC
fire direction center
FEBA
forward edge of the battle area
FFIR
friendly force information requirements
FIST
fire support team
FLIR
forward looking infrared
FM
field manual
FMFM
fleet Marine force manual
FMJ
full metal jacket
FN
foreign nation
FO
forward observer
Glossary-6
FM 3-19.4
FOX
M93 NBC Reconnaissance System
FP
force protection
FPF
final protective fire
FPL
final protective line
FR
France
FRAG
fragment
FRAGO
fragmentary order
FSO
fire support officer
G
gravel; M203
G2
Assistant Chief of Staff, G2
(Intelligence)
G5
Assistant Chief of Staff, G5 (Civil
Affairs)
gal
gallon
GB
guard bunker
GE
Germany
GM
grid to magnetic
GMG
grenade machine gun
GN
grid north
GP
general purpose
GPS
Global Positioning System
GS
general support
GTA
graphic training aid
GVW
gross vehicle weight
Glossary-7
FM 3-19.4
HAVOC
Soviet mi-28 aircraft
Hd
horizontal distance
HE
high explosive
HEAT
high explosive antitank
HEDP
high explosive, dual purpose
HEI
high-explosive incendiary
HET
high-explosive tracer
HHC
headquarters and headquarters
company
HI
high
HIND
Soviet helicopter
HIP
Soviet medium lift helicopter
HMMWV
high mobility multipurpose wheeled
vehicle
HN
host nation
HOKUM
Soviet Ka-? aircraft
HOT
air-to-ground antitank missile, also call
Euromi
HTS
highway traffic section
hwy
highway
HQ
headquarters
IBCT
initial brigade combat team
ICITAP
International Criminal Investigative
Training Assistance Program
Glossary-8
FM 3-19.4
ICM
improved conventional munitions
ID
identification
IEDK
individual equipment decontamination
kit
IFV
infantry fighting vehicle
IPB
intelligence preparation of the
battlefield
IPC
interpersonal communication
I/R
internment and resettlement
IR
infrared
IRIC
Internment Resettlement Information
Center
JRA
joint rear area
Jul
July
KBPS
kilobaud per second
km
kilometers
KPVT
Soviet 14.5-millimeter heavy machine
gun
L
location
L&O
law and order
LAW
light antiarmor weapon
lb
pound(s)
LC
line of contact
LCE
load-carrying equipment
LD
line of departure
Glossary-9
FM 3-19.4
ldr
leader
LMTV
light medium tactical vehicle
LO
low
LOC
lines of communication
LOGSEC
logistics security
LOTS
logistics over the shore
LP
listening post
LRA
local reproduction authorized
LVOSS
Light Vehicle Obscuration Smoke
System
LZ
landing zones
m
meter; perpendicular distance from the
center of the tape to the centerline of
the road
M
medium; mud
MANSCEN
Maneuver Support Center
MBA
main battle area
MCCM
modular crowd control munitions
MCLOS
manual command line of sight
MCO
Marine Corps orders
MCRP
Marine Corps warfighting publication
MCT
movements control team
MCWP
Marine Corps warfighting publication
MDMP
military decision-making process
Glossary-10
FM 3-19.4
MEDEVAC
medical evacuation
MELIOS
mini eyesafe laser infrared observation
set
MEVA
mission-essential or vulnerable area
METL
mission-essential task list
METT-TC
mission, enemy, troops, terrain, time
available, and civilian considerations
MG
machine gun
MHZ
mega hertz
MI
military intelligence
MIJI
meaconing; intrusion; jamming;
interference
mil
military
MILES
multiple-integrated laser engagement
system
MILVAN
military-owned demountable container
min
minute
MLC
military load classification
MLG
mils grid north
MLM
mils magnetic north
MLT
mils true north
mm
millimeter
MMS
maneuver and mobility support
MOPP
mission-oriented protection posture
Glossary-11
FM 3-19.4
MOUT
military operations on urbanized
terrain
MP
military police
mph
miles per hour
MPI
military police investigation
MRE
meal, ready-to-eat
MRO
medical regulating officer
MSR
main supply route
MTMC
military traffic management command
MTF
medical treatment facility
MTP
mission training plan
MWD
military working dogs
N
north
NA
not applicable
NAAK
nerve agent auto injector kit
NAI
named area of interest
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NBC
nuclear, biological, chemical
NBCWRS
Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Warning
and Reporting System
NCO
noncommissioned officer
NCOIC
noncommissioned officer in charge
NE
northeast
NEO
noncombatant evacuation operations
Glossary-12
FM 3-19.4
NGO
nongovernmental organization
NLP
nonlethal procedure
NLW
nonlethal weapons
no
number
NP
nonpersistent
NSN
national stock number
NTC
National Training Center
NVD
night vision device
NVG
night vision goggle
NW
northwest
NWP
Naval warfare publication
OB
obstruction
OC
observer/controller; oleoresin capsicum
OCOKA
observation and fields of fire, cover and
concealment, obstacles, key terrain, and
avenues of approach
OCONUS
outside the continental United States
Oct
October
OD
other detainees
OEG
operational exposure guidance
OF
observed fire
OIC
officer in charge
OP
observation post
OPCON
operational control
Glossary-13
FM 3-19.4
OPFOR
opposing forces
OPLAN
operation plan
OPNAVINST
Chief of Naval Operations Instruction
OPORD
operation order
OPSEC
operations security
ORP
objective rally point
OVM
on-vehicle material
P
pedestrian; artificial paving; persistent
PA
power amplifier
PAO
Public Affairs Office
PC
point of curvature
PCI
precombat inspection
PCIR
police and criminal information
requirements
PDDE
power-driven decontamination
equipment
PDF
principal direction of fire; portable
document format
PERSCOM
personnel command
PEWS
Platoon Early-Warning System
PIAP
police information assessment process
PIO
police intelligence operations
PIR
priority intelligence requirements
Glossary-14
FM 3-19.4
PKT
The standard vehicle with a mounted
light machine gun and is the basic
Soviet coaxial AFV weapon.
PL
phase line
PLGR
precision lightweight global positioning
system receiver
plt
platoon
PM
provost marshal
PMCS
preventive-maintenance checks and
services
PMO
Provost Marshals Office
POE
port of embarkation
POL
petroleum, oils, and lubricants
PRC
populace and resource control
PSG
platoon sergeant
PSYOP
psychological operations
PT
point of tangency
PVAB
portable vehicle-arresting barrier
PVO
private volunteer organization
pyro
pyrotechnics
R
radio; rock; radius of curve; radar set
R&S
reconnaissance and surveillance
RA
rocket assist
RADAR
radio detection and ranging
Glossary-15
FM 3-19.4
RADIAC
radiation detection, indication, and
computation
RAOC
rear-area operations center
RAP
rocket-assisted projectile
RCA
riot control agents
RES
radiation exposure status
RF
radio frequency
RHA
rolled hardened armor
RL
release line; railroad bridge
ROE
rules of engagement
ROI
rules of interaction
RORO
roll-on/roll-off
RP
release point; retained person
RPG
rocket-propelled grenade
RPK
squad machine gun
RTO
radio telephone operator
S
size; sand; south
S2
Intelligence Officer (US Army)
S3
Operations and Training Officer (US
Army)
S4
Supply Officer (US Army)
S5
Civil Affairs Officer (US Army)
S&I
standardization and interoperability
SACLOS
semiautomatic command line of sight
Glossary-16
FM 3-19.4
SAGGER
An AT-3 ATGM.
SALUTE
size, activity, location, unit, time, and
equipment
SAM
surface-to-air missile
SAW
squad automatic weapon
SAXHORN
A nickname for the Soviet AT-7-ATGM.
SE
southeast
SF
security forces
SINCGARS
Single-Channel, Ground-to-Air Radio
System
SIR
serious incident report
SITREP
situation report
SJA
Staff Judge Advocate
SM
soldier’s manual
SMCI
senior military customs inspector
SMG
submachine gun
SNAP
size, nature, activity, protection
SONGSTER
The nickname for the Soviet AT-8
ATGM.
SPANDREL
An AT-5 ATGM.
SPIGOT
An AT-4 ATGM.
SPIRAL
A Soviet AT-6 ATGM.
SOC
security operations center
SOFA
Status of Forces Agreement
Glossary-17
FM 3-19.4
SOI
signal operating instructions
SOP
standard operating procedure
SP
start point
SPG
self-propelled gun
SPOTREP
spot report
sqd
squad
SRT
special-reaction team
SSCO
small-scale contingencies operations
SSN
social security number
STABBER
A nickname for the Soviet AT-10
ATGM.
STANAG
standardization agreement
STX
situational training exercise
SVD
Soviet sniper rifle
SW
southwest
T
time; snow blockage
T&E
traversing and elevating
TA
training area
TACSOP
tactical standing operating procedure
TAI
traffic accident investigation
TC
training circular
TCF
tactical combat force
TCMD
transportation control and movement
document
Glossary-18
FM 3-19.4
TCP
traffic control post
TEM
training execution model
TL
team leader
TLP
troop-leading procedures
TM
technical manual
tm
team
TO
table of organization
TOC
tactical operations center
TOE
table(s) of organization and equipment
TOW
tube-launched, optically tracked, wire-
guided missile
TP
training practice
TRADOC
United States Army Training and
Doctrine Command
TRL
traffic regulating line
TRP
target reference point
TRS
transportation railway service
TSC
theater support command
TTP
tactics, techniques, and procedures
U
unit
UCMJ
Uniform Code of Military Justice
UIN
unit identification number
UK
United Kingdom
UO
urban operation
Glossary-19
FM 3-19.4
US
United States
USACIDC
United States Army Criminal
Investigation Division Command
USAF
United States Air Force
USAPA
United States Army Publishing Agency
USATSC
United States Army Training Support
Center
USCG
United States Coast Guard
USDA
United States Department of
Agriculture
USDOJ
United States Department of Justice
UTM
universal transverse mercator
UXO
unexploded ordnance
V
vehicular
Vd
vertical distance
VHS
video home system
VP
both vehicle and pedestrian
W
flooding; west
WO
warning order
Y
limited, all-weather route, significant,
serious, regular, or recurrent flooding or
snow blockage
X
all-weather route
Z
Zulu; fair-weather route
Glossary-20
Bibliography
AR 190-8. Enemy Prisoners of War, Retained
Personnel, Civilian Internees and other
Detainees {OPNAVINST 3461.6; AFJI 31-
304; MCO 3461-1}. 1 October 1997.
AR 190-11. Physical Security of Arms, Ammunition
and Explosives. 30 September 1993.
AR 190-12. Military Police Working Dogs.
30 September 1993.
AR 190-14. Carrying of Firearms and Use of Force
for Law Enforcement and Security Duties.
12 March 1983.
AR 190-29. Misdemeanors and Uniform Violation
Notices Referred to US Magistrates or
District Courts. 1 March 1984.
AR 190-30. Military Police Investigations.
1 June 1978.
AR 190-40. Serious Incident Report.
30 November 1993.
AR 190-47. The Army Corrections System.
15 August 1996.
AR 190-51. Security of Unclassified Army Property
(Sensitive and Nonsensitive).
30 September 1993.
AR 525-13. Antiterrorism Force Protection (AT/FP):
Security of Personnel, Information, and
Critical Resources. 10 September 1998.
AR 700-93. Processing and Shipping DOD
Sponsored Retrograde Materiel Destined for
Shipment to the United States, Its
Territories, Trusts, and Possessions.
15 May 1980.
Bibliography-1
FM 3-19.4
DA Form 1156. Casualty Feeder Report.
1 June 1966.
DA Form 1248. Road Reconnaissance Report.
1 July 1960.
DA Form 1249. Bridge Reconnaissance Report.
1 July 1960.
DA Form 1251. Ford Reconnaissance Report.
1 January 1955.
DA Form 1355-1-R. Hasty Protective Row Minefield
Record (LRA)
00 October 1997.
DA Form 1594. Daily Staff Journal or Duty Officer's
Log. 1 November 1962.
DA Form 1711-R. Engineer Reconnaissance Report
(LRA). 00 May 1985.
DA Form 1911. Altitude and Azimuth (SIN-COS)
00 February 1957.
DA Form 1971-R. Radiological Data Sheet-
Monitoring or Point Technique (LRA).
00 September 1994.
DA Form 2028. Recommended Changes to
Publications and Blank Forms.
1 February 1974.
DA Form 2404. Equipment Inspection and
Maintenance Worksheet. 1 April 1979.
DA Form 2823. Sworn Statement. 1 December 1998.
DA Form 3881. Rights Warning Procedures/Waiver
Certificate. 00 November 1989.
DA Form 3975. Military Police Report.
00 December 1998.
Bibliography-2
FM 3-19.4
DA Form 4137. Evidence/Property Custody
Document. 01 July 1976.
DA Form 5367-R. Personnel Status Report (LRA).
00 December 1984.
DA Form 5517-R. Standard Range Cards (LRA).
00 February 1986.
DA Pamphlet 190-12. Military Working Dog
Program. 30 September 1993.
DA Pamphlet 190-51. Risk Analysis for Army
Property. 30 September 1993.
DD Form 1265. Request for Convoy Clearance.
1 January 1959.
DD Form 1408. Armed Forces Traffic Ticket (Book,
Consisting of 25 Three-Part Sets).
00 December 1987.
DD Form 1911. Material Courier Receipt.
00 May 1982.
DD Form 2707. Confinement Order (Available on
DOD Website). 00 November 1999.
DD Form 2708. Receipt of Inmate or Detained Person
00 November 1999.
DD Form 2745. Enemy Prisoner of War (EPW)
Capture Tag. 00 May 1996.
DFAS-IN 37-1. Finance and Accounting Policy
Implementation. January 2000.
Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of
Prisoners of War. August 1949.
FM 100-14. Risk Management. 23 April 1998.
FM 101-5. Staff Organization and Operations.
31 May 1997.
FM 101-5-1. O perational Terms and Graphics
Bibliography-3
FM 3-19.4
{MCRP 5-2A}. 30 September 1997.
FM 101-5-2. US Army Report and Message Formats.
29 June 1999.
FM 17-95. Cavalry Operations. 24 December 1996.
FM 17-98. Scout Platoon. 10 April 1999.
FM 19-10. The Military Police Law and Order
Operations. 30 September 1987.
FM 19-15. Civil Disturbances. 25 November 1985.
FM 19-20. Law Enforcement Investigations.
25 November 1985.
FM 19-25. Military Police Traffic Operations.
30 September 1977.
FM 20-32. Mine/Countermine Operations.
29 May 1998.
FM 2-11. First Aid for Soldiers. 27 October 1988.
FM 21-26. Map Reading and Land Navigation.
7 May 1993.
FM 21-60. Visual Signs. 30 September 1987.
FM 21-75. Combat Skills of the Soldier.
3 August 1984.
FM 23-25. Light Antiarmor Weapons.
17 August 1994.
FM 25-100. Training the Force. 15 November 1988.
FM 25-101. Battle Focused Training.
30 September 1990.
FM 27-10. The Law of Land Warfare. 18 July 1956.
FM 3-19.1. Military Police Operations.
22 March 2001.
FM 3-19.30. Physical Security. 8 January 2001.
Bibliography-4
FM 3-19.4
FM 3-19.40. Military Police Interment/Resettlement
Operations. 1 August 2001.
FM 3-3. Chemical and Biological Contamination
Avoidance {FMFM 11-17}.
16 November 1992.
FM 3-4. NBC Protection {FMFM 11-9}. 29 May 1992.
FM 3-5. NBC Decontamination {MCWP 3-37.3}.
28 July 2000.
FM 3-6. Field Behavior of NBC Agents (Including
Smoke and Incendiaries) {AFM 105-7;
FMFM 7-11-11}. 3 November 1986.
FM 3-34.2. Combined-Arms Breaching Operations.
31 August 00.
FM 34-2. Collection Management and
Synchronization Planning. 8 March 1994.
FM 34-130. Intelligence Preparation of the
Battlefield. 8 July 1994.
FM 41-10. Civil Affairs Operations.
14 February 2000.
FM 44-8. Combined Arms for the Air Defense.
1 June 1999.
FM 5-170. Engineer Reconnaissance. 5 May 1998.
FM 55-10. Movement Control. 9 February 1999.
FM 55-20. Rail Transport in a Theater of Operations.
1 June 2000.
FM 6-20. Fire Support in the Airland Battle.
17 May 1988.
FM 6-30. Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for
Observed Fire. 16 July 1991.
FM 7-8. Infantry Rifle Platoon and Squad.
22 April 1992.
Bibliography-5
FM 3-19.4
FM 7-10. The Infantry Rifle Company.
14 December 1990.
FM 90-10-1. An Infantryman's Guide to Combat in
Built-Up Areas. 12 May 1993.
FM 90-40. Multiservice Procedures for the Tactical
Employment of Nonlethal Weapons (NLP)
(S&I, CDR, USATSC, ATTN: ATIC-TMSD-T
(Bldg {MCRP 3-15.8; NWP 3-07-31; USCG
Pub 3-07.31}. 6 October 1998.
Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of
Prisoners of War. August 1949.
GTA 19-7-1. Enemy Prisoner of War (EPW) Basic
Commands. 1989.
Section 660 of the Foreign Assistance Act.
STANAG 1059. Distinguishing Letters for
Geographical Entities for Use in NATO.
17 April 2000.
STANAG 2010. Military Load Classification
Markings. 18 November 1980.
TC 25-10. A Leader's Guide to Lane Training.
26 August 1996.
TM 11-5860-202-10. Operator's Manual for Mini
Eyesafe Laser Infrared Observation Set
(MELIOS) AN/PVS-6 (NSN 5860-01-35-
8551) (EIC: N/A). 1 September 1995.
TM 11-6665-251-10. Operator's Manual for Radiac
Set AN/VDR-2 (NSN 6665-01-222-1425).
1 March 1988.
TM 3-6665-312-12&P. Operator's and
Organizational Maintenance Manual
Including Repair Parts and Special Tools
List for M8A1 Automatic Chemical Agent
Alarm (NSN 6665-01-105-5623) and
Bibliography-6
FM 3-19.4
Auxiliary Equipment M10 Power Supply
(6665-00-859-2225); M10A1 Power Supply
(6665-00-093-2739); M228 High Profile
Mounting Kit (6665-00-859-2212) and M182
Low Profile Mounting Kit (6665-00-110-
9492) {TO 11H2-17-1}. 17 March 1985.
TM 5-6665-298-10. Operator's Manual for AN/PSS-
12 Mine Detecting Set {TM 5-6665-298-10}.
28 February 1995.
Bibliography-7
Index
A
armor security vehicle, see ASV
AA, 2-14
AS, 1-2, 1-3, 5-9, 6-13, 6-16, 6-23,
6-65, 6-75, 8-3, 9-1, 9-6
actions on contact, 3-51
ASP, 6-74
active air defense measures, 3-15
assembly area, see AA
active mode, 9-3
ASV, 1-13, 2-27, 3-40, 6-54, 6-71
ADC, 6-14, 6-15, 6-16, 6-41
attack
adjust fire, 3-30, 3-34, 3-35
air, 7-31
fire team, 3-34
artillery, 6-72, 7-31
air base defense, 6-21
conduct, 6-44
MP response, 6-24
urban terrain, 6-47
ambush, 3-54, 4-48, 4-49, 4-50, 4-51,
augmentation detachment, 8-4
5-24, 6-11, 6-14, 6-22, 6-42, 6-54,
aviation, 3-32
6-68, 6-69, 6-70, 6-71, 7-31
antiarmor, 4-51
B
line formation, 4-50
L-shaped, 4-51
base defense, 6-17, 6-19, 6-40, 6-41
type, 6-54
base-cluster operations center, see
ammunion supply point, see ASP
BCOC
angle of engagement, 3-2
battle
antiterrorism, 1-4, 8-2
command, 2-1
operations, 8-20
handover, 6-56, 6-59
area
space, 2-25
tactical combat force, 6-56
call-forward, 5-6
battle handover line, see BHL
crossing, 5-6, 5-9
fire, 3-5
BCOC, 4-17
grenadier, 3-5
BHL, 5-14, 6-59, 6-60, 6-62
rifleman, 3-5
bounding overwatch, 3-44
holding, 5-7, 5-9, 5-10, 7-28,
7-29, 7-32, 8-16
breach, 1-3, 4-56, 4-59, 5-11, 6-45
reconnaissance, 6-2
ballistic, 4-56
waiting, 5-6
demolition, 4-58, 4-59
area damage control, see ADC
doorknob, 4-57
area security, see AS
hinge, 4-57
mechanical, 4-58, 4-59
Index-1
FM 3-19.4
operations, 5-26, 5-28
consolidate, 3-56
shot gun, 4-59
control measures, 5-14, 5-34, 5-35
shotgun ballistic, 4-56
defiles, 5-26
break contact, 3-56
holding areas, 5-26
special circulation, 5-26
C
TCP, 5-26
CA, 7-25, 7-27, 7-29, 7-32, 8-18
temporary route signing, 5-26
call for fire, 3-21, 6-41, 6-42, 6-43
counterreconnaissance, 6-10, 6-11,
6-12
CAS, 3-37
CP, 6-64
central collecting point, 7-4
criminal investigation division, see
checkpoint, 4-7, 6-27, 6-28, 6-29,
CID
6-30, 6-31, 6-32, 6-33, 6-35, 6-36,
6-37, 6-68, 7-26, 7-27, 7-28, 9-1,
criminal investigations, 1-5
9-3
crossing
convoy, 6-37
deliberate river, 5-2
deliberate, 6-28
retrograde, 5-3
hasty, 6-31
river, 5-3
CI, 1-4, 7-1, 7-2, 7-7, 7-8, 7-9, 7-11,
CS, 1-1
7-16, 7-18, 7-29
CS operations, 2-2
handling, 7-1
customs, 8-7
CID, 6-13, 6-86, 8-2, 8-5, 8-6, 8-9,
operations, 1-5
8-10, 9-4, 9-5
operations team, 8-14
civil affairs, see CA
US, 8-2, 8-14
civilian internees, see CI
clock technique, 3-57
D
close air support, see CAS
danger area, 3-48, 3-49, 5-24, 6-68
close column, 4-5
DC, 1-4, 1-6, 5-10, 5-15, 6-16, 6-17,
combat
7-2, 7-27, 7-28, 7-29, 9-9
load, 4-1
control, 5-1
orders, 2-20
resettlement, 7-27
combat support, see CS
deep-water port, 6-13
command post, see CP
security, 6-74
defense
commander, 2-1
air, 1-4
company, 2-1
base, 1-4
communicate, 3-58
force commander, 6-24
conduct hasty attack, 3-55, 6-44
platoon, 4-31
confinement, 1-4
Index-2
FM 3-19.4
defile, 5-14, 5-17, 5-24, 5-25, 5-30,
indirect, 3-54
5-33, 5-34, 5-35, 6-32
fire and control, 3-27
delay, 6-49, 6-50, 6-51, 6-53
fire-adjustment method, 3-34
disengage, 6-55
impact-observed, 3-34
dislocated civilian, see DC
observer-target, 3-34
fire-support officer, see FSO
division
firing
band, 6-65
central collecting point, 7-13,
from a halt, 3-2
7-14
on the move, 3-2
collecting point, 7-9
force
forward collecting point, 7-4, 7-5,
base, 6-56
7-6, 7-7, 7-15
base-cluster defense, 6-56
main CP security, 6-65
response, 6-52
military police, 1-7
tactical combat, 6-57, 6-58, 6-62,
6-63
E
force protection, see FP
enemy prisoner of war, see EPW
FP, 1-4, 1-12, 8-2, 8-4, 8-5, 8-6, 8-7,
8-8, 8-13
EPW, 1-4, 1-8, 1-10, 3-58, 4-16, 5-4,
5-9, 5-15, 5-16, 7-1, 7-2, 7-3, 7-4,
fragmentary order, see FRAGO
7-7, 7-8, 7-9, 7-11, 7-13, 7-16,
FRAGO, 2-13, 2-16, 2-20, 2-27, 6-42,
7-18, 7-20, 7-21, 7-23, 7-29, 9-9
D-1, D-3, F-6
control, 1-10
friendly positions, 3-38
evacuate
FSO, 6-62
CI, 7-15, 7-18
functional areas, 1-2
EPW, 7-15, 7-18
G
F
graphic control measures, 3-46
FA, 3-26
battery, 3-26
H
fan method, 6-5
halt, 3-45, 4-8, 4-9, 6-72, 6-73
fatal funnel, 4-60
halted target, 4-48
field artillery, see FA
hasty
field detention facilities, 7-21
attack, 3-54, 6-11, 6-43, 6-44
fighting positions, 4-29
bracketing, 3-30
fire
defense, 3-55
commands, 3-7
minefields, 4-44
control, 3-6, 6-54
herringbone formation, 3-46, 6-73
Index-3
FM 3-19.4
HN, 1-1, 1-14, 5-10, 5-18, 5-22, 5-27,
lethal force, 3-10
5-29, 6-2, 6-13, 6-21, 6-27, 6-33,
listening post, see LP
6-35, 6-36, 6-37, 6-68, 6-77, 6-81,
LP, 3-15, 4-19, 4-24, 4-26, 4-27, 4-35,
7-25, 7-27, 7-30, 7-31, 8-1, 8-8,
4-36, 4-37, 4-38, 4-39, 4-40, 6-9,
8-9, 8-11, 8-17, 8-18, 8-19, 8-21,
6-16, 6-20, 6-26, 6-41, 6-54, 6-66,
9-2, 9-7, H-1
6-74, 6-85
holding area, 5-16, 5-23, 5-25, 5-30,
5-31, 5-32, 5-34, 6-30, 6-37, 7-4,
M
7-13
main supply route, see MSR
sterile, 8-15
host nation, see HN
maneuver and mobility support, see
MMS
I
march halts, 4-12
I/R, 1-1, 1-2, 1-4, 3-10, 3-12, 7-1,
maritime environment, 6-76
7-29, 8-3, 9-1, 9-6
MDMP, 2-2, 2-3, 2-11
IBCT, 1-9
media, B-1, B-2
infiltration, 4-6
methods
initial brigade combat team, see IBCT
box, 6-4
inspection, 2-19
converging routes, 6-6
military decision-making process, see
precombat checklist, E-1
MDMP
intelligence preparation of the
battlefield, see IPB
military operations on urbanized
terrain, see MOUT
internment and resettlement, see I/R
military police investigation, see MPI
Internment Resettlement Information
Center, see IRIC
military police, see MP
IPB, 1-5, 4-20, 6-9, 9-2, 9-3, 9-4, 9-7
military prisoner handling, 7-1
IRIC, 7-16
military working dogs, see MWD
mine, 4-10, 4-12, 4-13, 4-45, 4-46,
L
4-49, 5-23, 5-24, 6-71, 6-72, 6-73,
H-1, H-2, H-4, H-5, H-6
L&O, 1-2, 1-5, 7-25, 8-1, 8-3, 8-4, 8-5,
8-6, 8-8, 8-9, 8-12, 8-19, 8-20, 9-1,
mined, 5-24
9-6, 9-8
minefield, 4-45, H-5
augmentation detachment, 8-3
MK19 gunner, 3-5
augmentation team, 8-6
MMS, 1-2, 1-3, 1-8, 5-1, 5-26, 8-3,
related training, 1-5
9-1, 9-6
law and order, see L&O
MOUT, 8-13
law enforcement, 1-5
movement, 3-41
Index-4
FM 3-19.4
execution, 5-12
4-44, 4-46, 6-9, 6-12, 6-16, 6-20,
technique, 3-42, 3-44, 4-5
6-22, 6-26, 6-41, 6-54, 6-66, 6-74,
techniques, 3-41
6-85
while in contact, 3-50
OPCON, 1-8, 5-3
MP
open column, 4-6
corps, 1-7
operate straggler posts, 5-17
desk, 8-5, 8-7, 8-8
investigation, 8-7
operation
platoon, 1-11, 1-13
breach, 5-1, 5-10, 5-14
response force, 6-24
DC, 7-27
MP investigation, see MPI
defile, 5-28
MPI, 8-4, 8-5, 8-9, 8-11
dislocated civilian, 6-22
night, 6-26
supervisor, 8-10
orders, D-2
team, 8-5
reconnaissance, 1-4
MSR, 1-3, 5-3, 5-17, 5-19, 5-20, 5-21,
river crossing, 5-10
5-25, 5-26, 5-27, 5-28, 5-29, 6-16,
operation order, see OPORD
7-4, 7-15, 7-29, H-1, I-37, I-38,
I-39, I-40
operational control, see OPCON
regulation enforcement, 5-25
operations security, see OPSEC
multinational law and order
OPORD, 2-14, 2-16, 2-19, 2-20, 3-21,
operations, 8-17
3-41, 3-60, 4-4, 5-3, 6-9, 6-33,
MWD, 3-12, 6-33, 6-75, 6-76, 8-2,
6-42, 6-52, 6-53, 6-59, 7-4, 7-5,
8-7, 8-12, 8-13, 8-20
7-15, C-7, D-1, D-2, D-3, D-5, D-6,
D-7, D-8, D-9, D-10, F-6
N
OPSEC, 2-10, 4-17, 4-20, 6-12
NLW, 3-9, 3-12, 3-13
P
nonlethal, 3-13, 4-23
PAO, B-1
options, 3-10
tactics, 3-13
passage of line, 5-1, 5-13, 5-14, 5-15,
training, 3-12
5-26, 5-30, 6-59
nonlethal weapons, see NLW
execution, 5-15
operations, 1-3
O
planning, 5-14
passive and active air defense, 3-14
observation post, see OP
passive mode, 9-6
obstacle, 2-10, 4-51, 5-10, 5-19, 5-32,
6-4, 6-29, 6-30, 6-31, 6-37, 6-45,
PCI, 2-20, C-2, E-1
6-71, 6-72
checklist, E-3
OP, 3-15, 4-19, 4-24, 4-26, 4-27,
PCIR, 9-7, 9-8
4-35, 4-36, 4-37, 4-38, 4-39, 4-40,
PIAP, 8-2, 9-2, 9-3, 9-4, 9-5
Index-5
FM 3-19.4
PIO, 1-2, 1-5, 9-1, 9-2, 9-3, 9-6
Q
platoon, 1-13
quartering party, 4-11, 4-13, 4-15,
leader, 2-27, 4-49
4-16
relocation, 4-16
platoon sergeant, see PSG
R
point
radio/telephone operator, see RTO
ambush, 4-49
range card, 4-29
fire, 3-3
reconnaissance, 6-26, I-1
police and criminal information
requirements, see PCIR
actions, 6-4
air, 2-15
police assessment process, 1-5
area, 6-3, 6-4, 6-12, 6-15, 6-16,
police information assessment
9-1
process, see PIAP
area patrol, 6-3
police intelligence operations, see
ground, 2-15
PIO
map, 2-15
populace and resource control, see
patrols, 4-46, 6-2
PRC
route, 6-12, 6-15, 6-16, 9-1, I-3,
I-4
populace control, 1-4
screening missions, 6-1
PRC, 7-1, 7-25, 7-26, 7-27, 7-28
security team, 6-2
precision clearing, 4-52
visual, 2-15
zone, 6-4, 6-12, 9-1
room, 4-53, 4-54, 4-55, 4-60
reconnoiter, 5-25
precombat-inspection checklist, see
PCI
rehearsal, 2-17
prisoner, 1-4
back-brief, 2-17
full-scale, 2-19
handling, 7-21
rock drill, 2-18
US, 7-23, 7-29
walk-through, 2-18
US military, 7-2
release line, see RL
process detainees, 7-7
release point, see RP
protection
reorganize, 3-56
force, 8-7
protective
requirements
minefield, 4-44
criminal information, 9-7
postures, 1-12
police information, 9-7
PSG, 1-11, 2-28
resource control, 1-4
psychological operation, see PSYOP
response, 6-49
PSYOP, 7-26, 8-6, 8-18, 9-4
force, 4-17, 6-20, 6-21, 6-24,
6-25, 6-39, 6-40, 6-41, 6-42,
Public Affairs Office, see PAO
Index-6
FM 3-19.4
6-43, 6-44, 6-45, 6-56, 6-59,
missions, 6-9, 6-22
6-61, 6-62, 6-63, 6-66, 6-68,
operation, 6-9
6-71
search, 6-32
restriction, 4-7
frisk, 6-34
reverse planning, 2-7
personnel, 6-33
risk management, 2-11
vehicle, 6-32
wall, 6-34
river crossing, 1-3, 5-1, 5-2, 5-5, 5-26,
sector sketches, 4-26
5-28, 5-30, 5-32, 7-20
secure railway shipments, 6-80
operation, 5-3, 5-4
RL, 5-4, 5-5
security
road march, 4-2
cargo, 6-78, 6-81
convoy, 6-67
roadblock, 4-49, 5-14, 5-17, 5-25,
corps command post, 6-65
6-17, 6-21, 6-27, 6-28, 6-30, 6-37,
external, 6-74
6-38, 7-27, 7-28, 9-1, 9-3
high-risk personnel, 6-86
ROE, 1-12, 1-13, 2-21, 2-22, 3-9,
internal, 6-74
3-12, 6-16, 6-19, 6-33, 7-26, 7-32,
local, 4-22, 6-65
8-17, 8-19, F-7
operations
ROI, 2-21, 2-22, 8-17, 8-19
area, 8-20
role
route, 8-20
personnel, 8-20
active, 1-5
physical, 1-4, 6-12, 6-13, 8-7,
passive, 1-5
8-20
route
pipeline, 6-84
classification, I-1, I-2, I-14, I-17
train, 6-79
reconnaissance, 1-3, 5-20, 5-21,
zones, 6-77
7-18
self-defense planning, 4-17
survelliance, 1-3
senior military customs inspectors,
system, 5-26
see SMCI
RP, 4-7
separate brigades, 1-8
RTO, 2-29
SITREP, 6-56, 9-9, F-6
rules of engagement, see ROE
situation report, see SITREP
rules of interaction, see ROI
situational awareness, 2-22
S
size, activity, location, unit, time, and
equipment, see SALUTE
SALUTE, 3-15, 3-53, 4-35, 5-29, 9-6,
9-9
SMCI, 8-14, 8-15, 8-17
report, 4-35
SP, 4-7
screening, 6-66
speed control, 4-8
Index-7
FM 3-19.4
spot report, see SPOTREP
traffic accident investigation, 8-2, 8-5
SPOTREP, 2-24, 2-25, 3-53, 3-56,
traffic accident investigation, see TAI
5-29, 6-71, 9-6, 9-9, H-6
traffic control, 5-25
start point, see SP
activities, 5-25
straggler, 9-9
traffic control post, see TCP
collecting point, 5-18, 5-19
training
control, 5-17
lane, 1-16
support
peacetime, 1-15
customs, 8-14
training execution model, see TEM
fire, 6-55
traveling, 3-42
suppress fires, 3-8
overwatch, 3-43
surveillance, 5-20, 6-9, 6-10, 6-26
troop-leading procedures, see TLP
troop-leading steps, 6-3
T
tactical combat force, see TCF
U
tactical operations center, see TOC
urban terrain, 4-31, 4-45, 6-27
TAI, 8-4, 8-5, 8-7, 8-12
US Army Criminal Investigation
TCF, 1-4, 3-22, 4-17, 4-20, 5-13, 6-9,
Division Command, see USACIDC
6-12, 6-21, 6-25, 6-39, 6-41, 6-42,
USACIDC, 6-86, 8-2
6-49, 6-56, 6-59, 6-60, 6-61, 6-62,
6-63, 6-64
V
TCP, 5-3, 5-6, 5-8, 5-9, 5-11, 5-13,
vehicle, 6-32
5-14, 5-15, 5-16, 5-17, 5-25, 5-27,
5-28, 5-29, 5-30, 5-34, 6-74, 7-28,
armored, 3-21
9-1, B-2, I-39
holding areas, 5-30
control measures, 5-26
team leader, 1-11
W
TEM, 1-16, 1-17, C-1, C-2
warning order, see WO
temporary route signing, 5-14, 5-15,
water obstacles, 6-26
5-16, 5-25, 7-29, I-23
waterside security, 6-76
control measures, 5-26
weapons
temporary signs, 5-9, 6-17
crew-served, 3-2
tentative plan, 2-14
wire communication, 3-61
terrain analysis, 2-7
WO, 2-13, 2-14, 2-20, 3-22, 3-26,
feature technique, 3-57
7-30, C-5, D-1
TLP, 2-3, 2-11, 2-12, 6-43, 7-30, 9-7
TOC, 2-26
Z
zone reconnaissance, 4-46
Index-8
FM 3-19.4 (FM 19-4)
4 MARCH 2002
By Order of the Secretary of the Army:
ERIC K. SHINSEKI
General, United States Army
Chief of Staff
Official:
JOEL B. HUDSON
Administrative Assistant to the
Secretary of the Army
0205305
DISTRIBUTION:
Active Army, Army National Guard, and US Army Reserve: To be distributed in accordance with the initial distribution number 111047, requirements for FM 3-19.4.
Document Outline
Cover
Change 1
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Military Police Overview Introduction
Military Police Functional Areas
Threat
Military Police Platoon Organization and Leadership
Force Protection (FP) Measures
Military Police Platoon Mission, Capabilities, and Limitations
Peacetime Training
Chapter 2 Battle Command Overview
Military Decision-Making Process (MDMP)
Troop-Leading Procedures
Orders and Reports
Rules of engagement and Rules of Interaction (ROI)
Situational Awareness
Command Post Operations
Chapter 3 Shoot, Move, and Communicate Shoot
Move
Communicate
Chapter 4 Combat Operations Prepare for Combat
Construct Fighting and Survivability Positions
Defend a Site
Patrols
Clearing Techniques
Chapter 5 Maneuver and Mobility Support Maneuver Support
Mobility Support
Chapter 6 Area Security Reconnaissance Operations
Area Damage Control
Base Defense
Air Base Defense
Enemy Delay
Battle Handover to a Tactical Combat Force
Critical Site, Asset, and High-Risk Personnel Security
Chapter 7 Internment and Resettlement Overview
Enemy Prisoners of War and Civilian Internee
United States Military Prisoner Handling (Field Detention Facilities)
Populace and Resource Control (PRC)
Dislocated Civilian Resettlement
Evacuation Operations
Chapter 8 Law and Order Overview
Law and Order Augmentation Detachment
Company and Platoon Level Law and Order Operations
United States Customs Support
Multinational Law and Order Operations
Chapter 9 Police Intelligence Operations Overview
Police Information Assessment Process
Police Information
Responsibilities
Appendix A Metric Conversion Chart
Appendix B Media Relations Overview
Media Interaction
Appendix C Training Execution Model Overview
Task Identification
Appendix D Orders and Reports Orders
Reports
Appendix E Precombat Inspections Modified Precombat Inspection Checklist
Precombat Inspection Checklist
Appendix F Fratricide Avoidance Fratricide
Fratricide Effects
Fratricide Causes
Fratricide Risk Assessment
Preventive Measures
Friendly Fire Incidents
Leader Responsibilities
Appendix G MK19 Qualification Tables Primary Gunner, MK19 Qualification and Zero/Practice Tables
Assistant Gunner, MK19 Firing Table, Mounted
MK19 Scorecard
Appendix H Countermine Operations Overview
Detect
Report
Mark
Appendix I Route Classification and Signing System Overview
Route Classification Formula
Calculations
Temporary Route Signing
Main Supply Route Signs
Portable Sign-Making Kit
Appendix J Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense Overview
Hazard Detection and Reporting
Contamination Marking
Radiological Contamination Detection and Monitoring
Chemical Agent Detection
Biological Agent Detection
Self-Defense Measures
Military Police Leaders' Responsibilities
Mission-Oriented Protection Posture Levels, Alarms, and Signals
Biological Defense
Nuclear Attack Defense
Chemical Attack Defense
Symptoms and Treatment of Casualties
Unmasking Procedures
Appendix K Civil-Disturbance Measures Overview
Civil Disturbances on Department of Defense Installations Outside the Continental United States
Crowd Behavior
Crowd Tactics
Company Level Operations
Nonlethal Munitions
Appendix L Weapons and Equipment Friendly Vehicles
Friendly Weapons
Friendly Nonlethal Equipment and Munitions
Friendly Communication, Single- Channel, Ground-to-Air Radio System (SINCGARS)
Threat Weapons and Equipment
Glossary
Bibliography
Index
Authentication
Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Military Police Functional Areas ............................. 1-2
Threat..................................................................... 1-6
Military Police Platoon Organization
Force Protection (FP) Measures .......................... 1-12
Military Police Platoon Mission,
Peacetime Training .............................................. 1-15
Chapter 2
Military Decision-Making Process (MDMP)............ 2-2
Troop-Leading Procedures .................................. 2-11
Orders and Reports .............................................. 2-20
Rules of Engagement and Rules of
Situational Awareness .......................................... 2-22
Command Post Operations .................................. 2-26
Chapter 3
Move ..................................................................... 3-40
Communicate........................................................ 3-58
Chapter 4
Construct Fighting and Survivability Positions ...... 4-24
Defend a Site ........................................................ 4-41
Patrols................................................................... 4-46
Clearing Techniques ............................................. 4-52
Chapter 5
Mobility Support .................................................... 5-19
Chapter 6
Area Damage Control ........................................... 6-14
Base Defense ....................................................... 6-17
Air Base Defense .................................................. 6-21
Enemy Delay ........................................................ 6-49
Battle Handover to a Tactical Combat Force ........ 6-56
Critical Site, Asset, and High-Risk
Chapter 7
Enemy Prisoners of War and Civilian Internee ....... 7-2
United States Military Prisoner
Populace and Resource Control (PRC) ............... 7-25
Dislocated Civilian Resettlement .......................... 7-27
Evacuation Operations ......................................... 7-29
Chapter 8
Law and Order Augmentation Detachment ............ 8-3
Company and Platoon Level Law and
United States Customs Support ........................... 8-14
Multinational Law and Order Operations .............. 8-17
Chapter 9
Police Information Assessment
Police Information................................................... 9-3
Responsibilities ...................................................... 9-7
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
воскресенье, 2 июня 2013 г.
USA(2) - Military Police - part(2)
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